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THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANNING IN PREVENTING SLUMS AND ADDRESSING

EXISTING SLUMS

MAKING SLUMS HISTORY:

A WORLDWIDE CHALLENGE

“Business as usual” >>> “Sustainable Urban Development”

Urban Sprawl > Compact

Segregation > Integrated

Congestion > Connected

Plan in advance (several decades)

Plan at scale (numbers that make a difference)

Plan in phases (of public investment)

Plan for social integration (pro-poor policies)

Plan for density (incremental)

Plan for connectivity (focus on public realm)

Plan for energy efficiency and risk reduction

Urban Planning: Back to the Basics

Essential components of a National Urban Policy

National

Framework and instruments

National territory (a-spatial)

Structuration of system of cities

National/Regional spaces

Localised specific interventions

Spatially targeted areas

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2

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What ? Where ?

Criteria for sectorial policy

Multi-scale +

National Urban Policy

1) Urban trends analysis: • Growth in population • Differentiation of patterns by type of city (very large cities,

large cities, medium sized cities) • Sprawl and land consumption (declining densities) • Major infrastructure investments (i.e. major demographic

shifts) 2) Planning responses:

• Containment model • Infrastructure guided model • Expansion planning through various approaches: large

super-plots, piecemeal subdivisions, masterplans 3) Imperatives (global and local level):

• Affordability • Economic viability (and revenue creation for municipalities) • Ecological footprint, carbon emissions reduction

Assessing demand

Addressing Urban Growth and Extending Urban Space:

5 approaches

Urban extension areas

Intermediate cities/Market cities

Infill and Densification

Large cities with low density (inefficient

land uses)

Peripheral poles Metroplitan and city-

regions with very large population

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2

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What ? Where?

Connectivity and public spaces

All badly planned cities

Extension through Planning

Individual cities : from 125pha to 150 = +20% pop

can be absorbd

Metropolitan level decision

No new population

Supports densification

Individual cities or national policy , 60% of urban

population growth

New towns Non urbanised

regions National level decision

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Who decides?

Planned City Extension

1 2

3 4

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Containment + densification and redevelopment

Curitiba – Transit oriented densification; FAR

Portland – growth boundaries

Holland – Randstad

Medellin – Valley plan

Growth poles and new cities

Shanghai – Satellite cities

Delhi – various new cities

Cairo – New Cairo (2001), 6th October (1979), Heliopolis (1905)

Extension

Site & Services in Nairobi – small scale

Ouagadougou - large scale extension (lotissement commando)

Shanghai – Pudong

New York – Commissioner Plan

Extension initiatives - examples

Basic Principles Sustainable Urban Planning

1. Adequate street network; street network takes at least 30% of the land, and at least 18km street length per km².

2. High density - at least 15,000 people per km², i.e. 150 people/ha or 61 people/acre.

3. Mixed land-use - at least 40% of the floor space is allocated for economic uses in any neighborhood.

4. Social mix; 20 to 50 % of the residential floor area for low cost housing, each tenure type should be not more than 50 % of the total.

5. Limited land use specialization - single function blocks covering less than 10% in any neighborhood.

RESHAPING THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANNING

• Shift away from original objectives

of “control” towards inclusive, productive and livable cities

• Redefine the relationship between the planning system and the market

• Planning with, and for informality: formalizing the informal

• Revisiting both directive and regulatory aspects of the planning system

• Planning processes embedded in good governance principles

INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES TO MAKE URBAN PLANNING MORE EFFECTIVE

• Review planning legislation

• Decentralize urban planning functions

• Institutional integration within municipalities

• Monitoring and evaluation of urban plans

• Relevant urban research and data

• Strengthening city planning networks

• Output and quality of planning education

Geographical Scope UN-Habitat’s Urban Planning and Design Branch is working with its UN-Habitat Regional Offices in 37 countries in all major developing regions:

• Africa (14): Benin, Burkina Faso, Cap Verde, Chad, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda

• Arab States (5): Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Occupied Palestine Territories, Somalia

• Asia and Pacific (13): Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu, Vietnam

• Europe (1): Kosovo (within its context of UN Security Council resolution 1244 of 1999)

• Latin America and the Caribbean (4): Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador

Ongoing Portfolio

Development

DRC Liberia Malawi

Jordan

Lebanon

Bangladesh Pakistan

El Salvador

etc.

Recent UN-Habitat Results: Urban Planning

• Urban Planning system reviews conducted in Colombia, Philippines and Tanzania

• Urban Plans developed for 50 small urban centres and strategic development plan for greater Cairo region in Egypt

• Spatial planning framework prepared and urban planning capacity built in Kosovo

• Neighbourhood reconstruction and planning supported in Haiti

• New urban planning principles being applied through focused interventions at different scales in Colombia, Egypt, Mozambique, the Philippines, Rwanda

• Support to urban planning for city of Kisumu, Kenya through Rapid Urban Planning Studio

• Support to GOPP to develop methodology and administer the planning of 50 small towns (up to 30,000 inhab)

• Methodology development (ToRs and Tools)

• Selection and Training of consultants teams

• Supervision and Quality control

• Follow-up on approval

• Implementation support

Support to National Planning Agency 50 Towns planning in Egypt

Case: Rapid Urban Planning Studio (1) Kisumu, Kenya, February 2012

• Depressed development; New vision; population may increase from 1 to 2 million in next 20 years

• Euro 40m support from AFD - France

• Urban Economy, Urban Planning, Urban Legislation (People, Stones, Rules)

• Developing Scenarios; Rapid Urban Planning Studio; Support during Structure Planning Process

• 3 days, 50 participants: Kisumu City, local development actors, Kenyan and international urban planning experts

Case: Rapid Urban Planning Studio (2) Kisumu, Kenya, February 2012

• Spatial articulation of economic scenarios; legislative challenges

• Densification and Extension; Connecting City to the Lake; Highlands and Wetlands; Airport and Lake Port

• Specialized studies to fill gaps on urban planning, urban legislation and urban economy

• Expansion to 9 other towns in Kenya with SIDA and WB support

Essaouira,

Morocco

Essaouira, Morocco Agenda 21 Local: Medina, Mellah, Parc urbain

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The Future We Want – Rio+20 Outcome Text

CITIES PARAGRAPHS (Paragraphs 134-7)

• Emphasizes urbanization as a key driver of sustainable development and

the need to provide affordable housing and infrastructure and

prioritize slum upgrading.

• Commitment to integrated approaches to planning for mixed use,

non-motorized mobility and inclusive social services

• Calls for strengthened cooperation mechanisms, platforms and

partnership arrangements

• Recognizes the need for adequate and predictable financial contributions

for the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation

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Next Steps

• Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Cities

• Develop UN Guidelines on Urban and Territorial planning

• Further support National Urban Policies.

• Expand work on Planned City Extensions in collaboration with Development Banks.

• Strengthen linkages with Urban and Regional Planning Associations at Global, Regional and National level.

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