The Reformation Overarching Question How does Cultural
Diffusion Impact Society? Modern World History
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12 Europe Before the Reformation Prior to mid- 16th Century
What can you see?
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Background of Reformation
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Why is The Protestant Reformation important? Martin Luthers
protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of
Protestant Churches. Nearly one-fourth of Christians in todays
world are Protestants. The rise of Christian Humanism by Thomas
More, Erasmus and others inspired by Renaissance ideals led to a
new questioning of the Catholic Church The Reformation the
Protestant break with the Catholic Church is another example of the
impact of cultural diffusion on society and history
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1. What were the causes of the Reformation? 2. How and why did
it spread? 3. What were the effects of the Reformation? 4. How is
the Reformation an example of cultural diffusion? Essential
Questions to Consider
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Causes of The Reformation 1. Abuses of the Catholic Church 2.
Renaissance Ideas 3. Political climate 4. Technological
Innovations
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1 Abuses of the Catholic Church 1 Abuses of the Catholic Church
Renaissance emphasis on secularism and humanism challenged Church
authority *Renaissance popes were considered corrupt (Pius II,
Alexander VI) 1. Patronized art and themselves extravagently fought
wars 2. Building St. Peters basilica was expensive 3. Focused on
Italian politics and fighting wars (Julius II) Many priests and
monks were illiterate Illegitimate children were appointed priests,
bishops, abbots & abbesses Parishioners lost faith in
sacraments administered by immoral clergy
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1 Abuses of the Catholic Church Church leaders need for money
led to increasing corruption Simony - selling church offices
Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices Absenteeism -
church officials ignored duties Indulgences - selling EZ passes to
heaven
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Indulgences EZ Pass to Salvation A pardon for sins, given by
the Catholic Church Indulgences were sold Who would benefit most
from the selling of indulgences? Clip from movie Luther -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ4 URCVook4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ4 URCVook4
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Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1330-84) Wycliffe desired to
place Bible in hands of people in their own language; translated
Bible from Latin into English (1381-84)
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Early Reformers John Huss ( 1372-1415) True church is composed
of those chosen or predestined by God-influenced by Wycliffe If
pope or bishop does not obey Bible, he is not to be obeyed Only God
can grant forgiveness, so for church to sell forgiveness through
indulgences is to usurp Gods authority Girolamo Savonarola Gave
fiery sermons in Florence calling for reform 1497 Florentines
responded by burning their possessions including gambling equipment
A year later he is executed for heresy as people turned against him
Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus 1500s
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2 - Renaissance Influences Better educated, critical, urban
populace Renaissance monarchs impatient with church power Christian
Humanism and focus on inward spirituality Translation of works from
latin to vernacular (English, Italian, Dutch etc))
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3 Political Climate Henry VIII King of England Became King of
England at 18 years of age Turning Point: Desperately needed a male
heir to the throne Wanted a divorce from his current wife and the
Pope would not allow it Decided to start break from the Catholic
church 17
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3 Political Climate He is married to Catherine of Aragon, the
aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who cannot have more children (they
have one girl) Needs an annulment to re-marry and have a boy, but
the pope will not grant one Legacy: Changed the religion in England
from that point on
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3 Political Climate: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V - Young,
insecure and attempting to govern huge decentralized area Faced
attacks from outside - France and Turks Circumstances within HRE
favor Luther
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Holy Roman Empire
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4 - Technological Innovation http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=S-BEI_4D7tQ What do you think? 1. What is the major impact of
the printing press? 2. Why is important for Europe to gain the
ability of reading and writing? 3. What was the fear as more and
more people began to read?
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4 - Technological Innovation 1450s - Invention of Movable Type
by Johannes Gutenberg Cheaper and faster to make paper documents -
for indulgences, anti catholic works, bibles Led to the quicker
spread of ideas - such as questioning the church 95 Theses travels
throughout Europe in 2 weeks!
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The Spread of the Printing Press According to the map when did
the printing press arrive in Northern Europe? How does that relate
to the beginning of the Reformation?
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Who is Martin Luther? Martin Luther was a monk from Germany
troubled with church abuses and the sale of indulgences Friar
Tetzel - selling indulgences in Luthers town of Wittenberg in 1517
Luther wrote the 95 theses - posted on the door of the castle
church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 These listed Luthers
complaints and drew him into a heated debate
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Sola Fidei (Salvation by Faith Alone) no good works or
sacraments needed - only faith. Sola Scriptura (Authority of the
Scriptures Alone) pope is not the authority - bible is. The
Priesthood of All Believers All people equal to interpret bible
Luthers Beliefs
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*Luther's 95 Theses list of things he thought were wrong with
the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) He criticized: ***The Power of
the Pope ***The Extreme Wealth of the Church ***Indulgences
(Catholic concept of Salvation)
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Luther's 95 Theses ***Gutenbergs Printing Press made it
possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Posted his 95 Theses on
Church doors in Germany ***Gained support from people but criticism
from Church
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Important Events of the Reformation Pope Leo X excommunicates
Luther Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial for
beliefs Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw Peace of
Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German state determined the
religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his state Leads to further
Division of Germany between Luthers supporters and Catholics
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Legacy of Luther http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0
Identify 3 people, terms, or concepts from the lyrics that you
would like to learn more about. For HW: Research the 3 and be able
to explain their relationship to our study of the Reformation
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New Sects Spread
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4 *John Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin Another famous
reformer *Believed in predestination God has selected a few elite
to be saved from the beginning Leader of Calvinism 4
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CALVINISM Started in Switzerland Calvinists England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians Holland = Dutch Reform France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church
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5 *Protestants and Presbyterians Protestant *Christians who
belonged to non-catholic churches *protesters of the catholic
church Presbyterians *Scottish version of Calvinism *Followers of
John Knox *Church in Scotland was governed by presbyters or elders
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Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola - > Started the
Jesuits Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism
Pope Paul III (1534-1549) 1. I nvestigated abuses 2. Approved
Jesuits 3. Inquisition 4. Called for Council of Trent
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The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system designed to
prosecute heretics
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Council of Trent 1545-1563 - when church officials agreed on
reforms/doctrines 1. Church interpretation of bible was final 2.
Faith and good works for salvation 3. Bible and Church tradition
equally important 4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was
banned
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Council of Trent Index of Forbidden books 10,000 books burned
in one day in Venice alone
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The six wives of Henry VIII 1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced -
Child: Mary 2. Anne Bolyen - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth 3. Jane
Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI 4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced -
Child: None 5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None
6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) - Child:None
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England During and After Henry VIII Religious turmoil during
reign of Edward VI (Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic) Elizabeth I
inherited throne in 1558 Re-established Anglican church Compromised
between Catholics and Protestants
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Long Live the Queen!
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Spanish Armada Philip II of Spain to attack England on July 29,
1558 Spanish Armada - 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers
England defeated Spain Protestant winds
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Effects of the Reformation France St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
French calvinists called Huguenots were killed for their beliefs
Edict of Nantes Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV
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Connecting to Essential Questions Where did the Reformation
spread? How did the Reformation spread? Why did the Reformation
spread? Impact?