The Pollution Status of Surface Sedimentsalong the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea
Mürşide Sur, Halil. I. Sur, Reşat Apak, Erol Erçağ
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• Resources (petroleum and natural gas, minerals, etc.)
• Record of past processes and conditions on the earth.
( Rates of continental erosion and transport by rivers, Biological activity in surface waters etc.)
• Aquatic life
Sediment Pollution: Contaminants & loose particles from soil, rock, suspended in a body of water
settle to the bottom
Why sediments are important ?
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Antropogenic : can be result of (directly & runoff)
Mining Industrial Domestic Agricultural
*Metal form (org,inor, dis,part.)*Presence of other substances*Water system (T,S,DO, pH,current,etc)*Biological system (age,size,activity etc)
Natural:Weathering of rocks and soil
Atm
*Dissolution,*Sorption onto org. inorg particles* Precipitation* Transportation
*Products of weathering and erosion*Biogenic particles produced *Chemical precipitates
Sources of sediment &pollutants
River
Sea
Wat
erSe
dim
ent
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27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
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42
43
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25 30 35 40 45
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45
BLACK SEA
TURKEY
Background(2) Al:8 Cd:0,3 Cu:57 Pb:20 Hg:0,4 V:130
Sampling Stations in Autumn 2010
1.Hâkanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research 14: 975 - 1001. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-82.Krauskopf, K. B. (1967). Introduction to geochemistry. International Series in the Earth and planetary sciences. Mc Graw- Hill, USA
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C
M
L
Contamination Factor of Aluminum
Sampling Stations
Kaolinite: (Al2Si2O5 (OH)4)
Al ; moderately enrichment (Yomra)
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Contamination Factor of Cadmium
C
M
L
Sampling Stations
Cd; considerable level enrichment (Bartın)
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VH >6
C
M
L
Contamination Factor of Copper
Sampling Stations
Cu; Very high level enrichment (SK1)
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Contamination Factor of Lead
C
M
L
Sampling Stations
Pb; considerable level enrichment (SK1)
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Contamination Factor of Mercury
Sampling Stations
Hg; Very high level enrichment (Giresun)
VH
C
M
L
VH
C
M
L
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Contamination Factor of Vanadium
Sampling Stations
Essential for some species, accumulate in tunicates, ascidians
V; Very high level enrichment (Yeşilırmak R)
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The degree of sediment contamination in the Black Sea
VH
C
M
L
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Facilities:
Iron-stell, Paper, Thermal-power plantCoal region, ındustrial chemicals, fertilizer, textile, wood,cement- ceramic
Copper production Thermal-powerplantTea &hazelnut,
Copper smelting,Fertilizer plant, CementIndustrial chemicalsFood, Textile, cigarettesWood
Food, cement,paper
Paper, food
Cement, tea-plantCigarettes, hazelnut, food
Mercury (old mine)
Tea-plant, cigarette,wood,smelting
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Ranking order of sediment contamination Station Cf > 6
VH 3<Cf <6 C
1< Cf <3 M
Cf <1 L
VH CD > 24
SK1 V> Cu Hg> Pb Cd Al
Consi
dera
ble
12<
CD <
24
SK2 V Hg > Pb Cu> Cd Al Hopa V Hg Cd>Cu>Pb Al Ordu V Hg Pb>Cd Cu>Al Çayeli V Hg Cd>Pb>Cu Al Trabzon V - Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu Al Yeşilırmak V Hg Pb>Cd Cu>Al Akçaabat V - Hg>Cu>Pb>Cd Al Pazar V Hg Cd>Pb Al>Cu Giresun Hg - Pb>Cd V>Al>Cu
Modera
te
6< C
D < 1
2
Araklı - Hg Pb>Al>V> Cd Cu Samsun - Hg Pb>V>Cu Cd>Al Zonguldak - Hg Pb>Cd>V Cu>Al Rize - Hg Pb>Al>Cd>V Cu Bartın - Cd Hg>Cu=Pb V>Al Kızılırmak Hg - V Pb>Cd> Cu>Al Cide Hg - Pb Cd>V>Cu>Al Sakarya - Hg Cd>Pb>V Cu>Al Terkos Hg - Pb Al>Cd>V>Cu Yomra - - Pb>Al>Cd> Cu>Hg>V - İnebolu - Hg Pb>Cu V>Al>Cd Sinop1 - Hg - Pb>Cd>V>Al>Cu Sinop2 - Hg Pb Cd>Al>V>Cu Ereğli - Hg Cd Al>Cu>Pb>V İgneada - Hg Al Pb>Cd>V>Cu
Low CD < 6
Şile - Hg Pb Cd>Al>V>Cu
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Source MetalsSmelters , Mining and manufacturing(ceramics, cement..)
Al,Cu,Pb,V,Cd,Hg
Metal based industries; electroplating, steel industry
Cd, Cu, Pb, V
Batteries Cd,Pb, HgPaints Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg,VPetroleum refineries and coal manufacturing Burning of fossil fuelPower plant (coal-oil fired)
Pb, Hg, V
Water treatment and pipe system Al, Cu, PbAgricultural to prevent disease,fertilizer
Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg
Catalyst (Chlor-alkali plants, ) Hg, VInstruments,Medical,thermometer,lamp
Hg
Paper and pulp Hg
SUMMARY*SK1 Very high contaminated*SK2 Considerably contaminated* Şile Low degree contaminated* EBS considerable degree contaminated* WBS moderately contaminated
Hg and V dominant pollutantsAl, Cd, Cu, Pb moderately or low level pollutants
To prevent; *Erosion control (stream bank fencing , reducing impervious surfaces, creating rain garden, strip cropping etc.)*Waste water treatment – industrial -domestic,
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untreated Industrial , domestic waste dischargesAgricultural runoff
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THANK YOU
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