The End of the Concert of
Europe
19th century
The Crimean War
[1854-1856]
The Crimean War
[1854-1856]
Russia[claimed
protector ship over the Orthodox
Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…
Keep the “Sick Man of Europe” in Good Health!
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
Nationalism Definition: All peoples derive their
identities from their nations, which are defined by common language, shared cultural traditions and sometimes religion
When such “nations” do not coincide with state boundaries, nationalism can produce violence and warfare as different national groups compete for the same territory
Italian Unification
18183300Failed Attempts at Failed Attempts at Independence Independence
Metternich sent troops Metternich sent troops to crush Revolutions in to crush Revolutions in 3 Italian States3 Italian States
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor Emmanuel
II
Giuseppi Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Italian unification:
Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
1848 -1848 - RRevolevolutionsutions Guiseppe Mazinni
Risorgimento (Resurgence)
Young Italy
2 lessons from the failures
Need foreign help
Rely on Piedmont for leadership
181849 – 1849 – 187878VictorVictor Emanuel Emanuel SavoySavoy
King of PiedmontKing of PiedmontProvided the Provided the leadership neededleadership needed
18185252Count Cavour in named Prime Minister of PiedmontEconomic Expansion
Built roads, canals, & railroadsExpanded creditStimulated investment in new Industries
1858 –1858 – Agree Agreementment withwith NNapoleoapoleonn IIIIII
In Compensation France would get:
Piedmont’s provinces of Nice and SavoyA Kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III’s cousin Prince Napoleon
1859 –1859 – The Aust The Austrianrian WarWar
To make it “justifiable” – Piedmont provoked Austria
July II, 1859 – France made Peace w/ Austria
Thought war would be too long and costly
Prussia had mobilized
18601860 - - PlebiPlebiscitesscitesNationalists had
taken control in some Northern Italian StatesPlebiscites agreed to join Piedmont
181860 - 60 - GirabaldiGirabaldi Italian PatriotRevolt had broken in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies1,000 Red Shirts landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860By July 1860 Sicily was under Control
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.
1860 –1860 – KKingdom ingdom of of ItalyItaly
Garibaldi yielded to Cavour
GermanGerman
UNIFICATIOUNIFICATIONN
Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834
1858 – King Frederick William IV – 1858 – King Frederick William IV – declared insanedeclared insane
Brother William becomes regentBrother William becomes regent
1861 – Frederick William IV dies1861 – Frederick William IV dies
William I takes the throneWilliam I takes the throne
A NEW A NEW PRUSSIANPRUSSIAN KINGKING
A DIVA DIVIDED IDED GERGERMANYMANYLoose federation of 39 StatesLoose federation of 39 States
Controlled by 2 PowersControlled by 2 Powers
Austria – HapsburgsAustria – Hapsburgs
Prussia HohenzollernPrussia Hohenzollern
German Unification
Who would lead German Unification? Austria or Prussia?
King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862
Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the Reichstag (Parliament)
Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”
Prussian JunkerPrussian Junker
1851 – King 1851 – King Frederick William IV Frederick William IV appointed him appointed him representative to the representative to the diet of the German diet of the German ConfederationConfederation
Convinced – Convinced – Germany too small Germany too small for Austria & Prussiafor Austria & Prussia
1859 –ambassador 1859 –ambassador to Russiato Russia
1862 – ambassador 1862 – ambassador to Franceto France
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how sausages
and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.
Prussia and other German states
The Danish
War[1864]
The Danish
War[1864]The Peace of
ViennaThe Peace of
Vienna
Prussia would administer Schleswig,
and Austria, Holstein
TheGerman
Confederation
TheGerman
Confederation
Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
PrussiaPrussia
AustriaAustria
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]
Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]
Franco-Prussian War The French public demanded war The Prussians captured Napoleon with his
army on September 2, 1870 The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870 January, 1871- William was proclaimed Kaiser
of a new, imperial Germany Peace signed in May required France to cede
the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to pay a multibillion-franc indemnity
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Austria-Hungary Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1918 Government abolished most
internal customs barriers, freed trade with Germany and sold off most of the state-owned railway system
German language was used by the administration
City of Vienna underwent extensive rebuilding
Austria-Hungary
Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated by liberals
Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy”
After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled themselves
Hungarian demands strengthened those of the other nationalities in the empire for the same privileges
Top Related