Surgical Intensive Care MedicineSecond Edition
Edited by
John M. O’DonnellDirector, Surgical Intensive Care UnitChairman, Department of Surgical Critical CareDivision of SurgeryThe Lahey Clinic Medical Center Burlington, MAUSA
Flávio E. NáculIntensive Care Medicine University HospitalFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, RJBrazil
EditorsJohn M. O’DonnellDirector, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Chairman, Department of Surgical Critical CareDivision of SurgeryThe Lahey Clinic Medical Center Burlington, MA, USA
Flávio E. NáculUniversity HospitalIntensive Care MedicineFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro - RJBrazil
ISBN 978-0-387-77892-1 e-ISBN 978-0-387-77893-8DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-77893-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009930636
© Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2010All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
(Corrected at 2nd printing 2011)
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated to my wife, Rocky, and daughter, Jacquelyn, who give me purpose; to my beloved parents, Kay and Frank “Shorty” O’Donnell, who never lost faith; to my mentors, whose patience was tested every day; and to all of the nurses who have ever cared for patients in the surgical intensive care unit at the Lahey Clinic Medical Center.
John M. O’Donnell, M.D.
To my parents Lilian and Jacob, and my wife Alessandra, for their uncondi-tional love; to my daughter Mariana, for the joy she brings to my life; and to my brother Luis and my uncle Sabino, for their support.
Flávio Eduardo Nácul, M.D.
Preface to the Second Edition
We are honored to present the second edition of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine. Our first edition was considered to be an important contribution to the critical care literature and received excellent reviews from Critical Care Medicine, Chest, and Anesthesiology. In the second edition, the basic organization of the book remains unchanged, being composed of 60 carefully selected chapters divided into 11 sections. The book begins with general topics in primary intensive care, such as airway management and vascular cannulation, followed by categories based on medical and surgical subspecialties. While the chapters discuss definitions, pathophysiology, clinical course, complications, and prognosis, the primary emphasis is devoted to patient management. The contents of the current edition have been comprehensively upgraded and the chapters retained from the first edition have been thoroughly updated, revised, or rewritten.
In this second edition, some new topics have been added including Postoperative Care of the Obese Patient, Postoperative Care of the Pancreas Transplant Patient, Optimization of High-Risk Surgical Patients, Postop-erative Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome, Ethics and End of Life Issues, Improving the ICU, and Continuous Medical Education in Intensive Care Medicine. We are extremely fortunate to have high-quality contributors, many of whom are nationally and internationally recognized researchers, speakers, and practitioners in Criti-cal Care Medicine. An important feature of this latest edition is the geographical diversity of its authors. Most are based in the United States, but colleagues from Canada, England, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, Italy, Portugal, and Australia have also made notable contributions.
The book is written for medical students, residents, and critical care fellows in training, and its purpose is to educate, stimulate, and serve as a resource for all professionals caring for the critically ill. Those who are not involved in the daily care of the acutely ill patient but who seek information will also find this book a valuable resource. We are very fortunate to have Springer as our publisher and we are especially thankful to our chapter authors and their families. We anticipate that our book will be both educational and enjoyable and we hope that both our readers and their patients will benefit.
Flávio E. Nácul, MDJohn M. O’Donnell, MD
vii
Acknowledgements
We would first and foremost like to thank Paula Callaghan and Springer Publishing Company for giving us the opportunity and providing the support necessary to develop the second edition of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine. We are forever grateful to Barbara Murphy and Melissa Ramondetta for giving us the opportunity to publish the first edition of our book. We are indebted to Maureen Pierce for her knowledge, enthusiasm, patience, and meticulous attention to detail while formatting and organizing the entire manuscript. We thank Kathy McQueen who was extremely helpful reviewing and editing the chapters. We thank Carol Spencer, the Lahey Clinic librarian, for without her tireless efforts, this text would not be possible. We are indebted to Roger Jenkins, MD, Sanford Kurtz, MD, and David Barrett, MD for their ongoing department support during the organizing, writing, and editing of this textbook. Lastly, we are especially grateful to the following colleagues for sharing their expertise and for their very useful comments on the chapters of this book: Fernando Afonso, MD, Luciano Azevedo, MD, Carlos Ferrari, MD, Maria Giaquinto, MD, Fernando Gutierrez, MD, PhD, Jana Hudcova, MD, Jean Hurynowicz, RN, Alexandre Isola, MD, Sara Lenherr, MD, Luciano Lisboa, MD, A. Lucy Querino, Denise Medeiros, MD, PhD, Carina Ruiz, MD, Patricia Toledo, and Bruno Zawadzki, MD.
John M. O’Donnell, MDFlávio E. Nácul, MD
ix
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Part I Resuscitation and General Topics
1 Supplemental Oxygen Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Andrew G. Villanueva
2 Airway Management in the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Denis H. Jablonka and William Rosenblatt
3 Vascular Cannulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Shawn E. Banks and Albert J. Varon
4 Fluid Resuscitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Joachim Boldt
5 Vasoactive Amines and Inotropic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Keith P. Lewis, R. Mauricio Gonzalez, and Konstantin Balonov
6 Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Kyle J. Gunnerson and Emanuel P. Rivers
7 Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Flávio E. Nácul and John M. O’Donnell
8 Acid–Base Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Philip M. Alapat and Janice L. Zimmerman
9 Analgesia and Sedation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Ruben J. Azocar, Pouneh Taghizadeh, and Ishaq Lat
10 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Rafael A. Ortega, Gerardo Rodríguez, and Rubén Azocar
11 Optimization of the High-Risk Surgical Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Nawaf Al-Subaie and Andrew Rhodes
12 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Andreas Schneider, Erik Popp, and Bernd W. Böttiger
Part II Neurocritical Care
13 Management of Closed Head Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Peter K. Dempsey and Steven W. Hwang
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14 Spinal Cord Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Fred H. Geisler and William P. Coleman
15 Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Jamary Oliveira-Filho and Walter J. Koroshetz
16 Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Jamary Oliveira-Filho and Walter J. Koroshetz
17 Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Andreas H. Kramer and Thomas P. Bleck
18 Critical Illness Polyneuropathy and Myopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Galen V. Henderson
Part III Cardiology
19 Management of Hypertension in the Perioperative Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Nicholas P. Tsapatsaris and Durathun Farha
20 Postoperative Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Glynne D. Stanley and Sundara K. Rengasamy
21 Management of Postoperative Arrhythmias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Eugene H. Chung and David T. Martin
Part IV Pulmonary Medicine
22 Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Luciano Gattinoni, Eleonora Carlesso, and Federico Polli
23 Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Peter Rock and Vadivelu Sivaraman
24 Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Andrew G. Villanueva and Nicholas P. Tsapatsaris
25 Fat Embolism Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277John M. O’Donnell
26 Venous Air Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Carl J. Borromeo
Part V Infectious Diseases, Sepsis, MODS
27 Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Patricia Mello and R. Phillip Dellinger
28 Vascular Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Nikolaos Zias, Alexandra Chroneou, John F. Beamis, and Donald E. Craven
29 Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Alexandra Chroneou, Nikolaos Zias, Anthony Gray, and Donald E. Craven
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30 Intra-abdominal Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Marc E. Brozovich and Peter W. Marcello
31 Evaluation of the Febrile Patient in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Alexis Tabah, François Philippart, and Jean Carlet
32 Antimicrobial Use in Surgical Intensive Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Robert A. Duncan
Part VI Hematology
33 Coagulation Abnormalities in the Critically Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Marcel Levi and Steven M. Opal
34 Blood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Kurt F. Heim
Part VII Metabolism and Nutrition
35 Hyperglycemia in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Gary W. Cushing
36 Adrenal Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Bala Venkatesh and Jeremy Cohen
37 Nutrition Support in Intensive Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Susan E. Schaefer and David L. Burns
Part VIII Nephrology and Electrolytes
38 Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Paolo Calzavacca, Elisa Licari, and Rinaldo Bellomo
39 Renal Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Elisa Licari, Paolo Calzavacca, and Rinaldo Bellomo
40 Disorders of Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Flávio Eduardo Nácul
Part IX Gastroenterology
41 Gastrointestinal Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Sam J. Thomson, Matthew L. Cowan, Robert Morgan, and Tony M. Rahman
42 Acute Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Jan J. De Waele
Part X Surgery, Trauma, and Transplantation
43 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489Michael S. Rosenblatt
44 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Larry M. Jones, Alain C. Corcos, and Amarjit D. Peter
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45 The Abdominal Compartment Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Manu L. Malbrain, Michael Cheatham, Michael Sugrue, and Rao Ivatury
46 Rhabdomyolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Flávio E. Nácul and John M. O’Donnell
47 Postoperative Care of the Cardiac Surgical Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535Ross F. Dimarco Jr.
48 Postoperative Care Following Major Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Giuseppe Papia and Thomas F. Lindsay
49 Postoperative Care After Bariatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Fredric M. Pieracci, Alfons Pomp, and Philip S. Barie
50 Care of the Organ Donor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Younghoon Kwon and Marie R. Baldisseri
51 Postoperative Care of the Heart Transplant Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Nicholas R. Banner, Iman Hamour, Haifa Lyster, Margaret Burke, Michael J. Boscoe, and Gilles Dreyfus
52 Postoperative Care of the Lung-Transplant Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Wickii T. Vigneswaran and Sangeeta M. Bhorade
53 Postoperative Care of the Liver-Transplant Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Philip A. Berry, Hector Vilca Melendez, and Julia A. Wendon
54 Postoperative Care of the Pancreas-Transplant Recipient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639Shimul A. Shah and Rodney J. Taylor
Part XI Additional Topics
55 Management of the Critically Ill Geriatric Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649Paul E. Marik
56 Alcohol Withdrawal in the Surgical Patient: Prevention and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Anja Heymann, Irit Nachtigall, Anton Goldmann, and Claudia Spies
57 Ethics and the End-of-Life Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Dan R. Thompson
58 Scoring Systems and Outcome Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Rui Moreno and Isabel Miranda
59 Improving the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Allan Garland
60 Continuing Education in Critical Care Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Elizabeth H. Sinz
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Erratum to Chapters 2, 3 and 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
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Contributors
Philip Alapat, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Nawaf Al-Subaie, MD, FRCA, MBChBAnaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St. George’s Hospital London, UK
Ruben J. Azocar, MDAssistant Professor and Residency Program Director, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Marie R. Baldisseri, MD, FCCMAssociate Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Konstantin Balonov, MDResident, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Shawn E. Banks, MDAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
Nicholas R. Banner, MD, FRCPConsultant and Senior Lecturer, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Cardiology and Transplant Medicine, Imperial College University of London, Middlesex, UK
Philip S. Barie, MD, MBA, FCCM, FACSProfessor of Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
John F. Beamis Jr, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineChairman, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Rinaldo Bellomo, MD, FRACP, FJFICMProfessor, Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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xvi Contributors
Philip A. Berry, MD, MBChB, MRCPInstitute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK
Sangeeta M. Bhorade, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Medical Director of Lung Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Thomas P. Bleck, MD, FCCMProfessor of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Medicine, and Anesthesiology Assistant Dean, Rush Medical College, Associate Chief Medical Officer (Critical Care) Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Joachim Boldt, MDProfessor, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ludwisgshafen, Germany
Carl J. Borromeo, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Tufts University School of Medicine,Staff Anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Michael J. Boscoe, MD, MBBS, FRCAConsultant Anaesthetist, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Department of Anaesthetics, Middlesex, UK
Bernd W. Böttiger, MDProfessor, Department of Anesthesiology and Postoperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Marc E. Brozovich, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Wexford, PA, USA
Margaret Burke, MD, MB FRCPathDepartment of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
David L. Burns, MD, CNSP, FACGAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine;Director of Nutritional Support, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Paolo Calzavacca, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia
Eleonora Carlesso, MScDipartimento di Anestesiologia e Terapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Jean Carlet, MDHead Medical/Surgical ICU, Department of Réanimation, Groupe Hospitalier Paris – St. Joseph, Paris, France
Michael L. Cheatham, MD, FACS, FCCMDirector, Surgical Intensive Care Units, Department of Surgical Education, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
xvi
Contributors xvii
Alexandra Chroneou, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Eugene H. Chung, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Service, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Jeremy Cohen, MBBS, MRCP, FRCA, FJFICMCritical Care Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Unit, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Princess Alexandra and Wesley Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
William P. Coleman, PhDBiostatistician, WPCMath, Buffalo, NY, USA
Alain C. Corcos, MD, FACSAssistant Director, Trauma and Burn Services, UPMC Mercy, Department of Trauma Services, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Matthew Cowan, BSc, MRCPClinical Research Fellow, Department of Gastroenterology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK
Donald E. Craven, MDProfessor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine,Chair, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Gary W. Cushing, MD, FACEAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine,Chairman, Department of Endocrinology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center,Burlington, MA, USA
R. Phillip Dellinger, MDProfessor of Medicine, Head, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper University Hospital, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, USA
Peter K. Dempsey, MDAssistant Clinical Professor, Tufts University School of Medicine,Senior Staff Physician, Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center;Burlington, MA, USA
Jan J. De Waele, MD, PhDIntensivist, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Ross F. DiMarco Jr., MDChief, Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Gilles D. Dreyfus, MD, FRCSProfessor of Cardiac Surgery, NHLI, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Imperial College, London, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UK
Robert A. Duncan, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Hospital Epidemiologist, Department for Infectious Diseases, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
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xviii Contributors
Durathun Farha, MDVascular Medicine Fellow, Department of Vascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Allan Garland, MD, MAAssociate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
Luciano Gattinoni, MD, FRCPProfessor of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Dipartimento di Anestesiologia e Terapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli, Regina Elena di Milano, Milan, Italy
Fred H. Geisler, MD, PhDFounder, Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois Neuro-Spine Center, Rush Copley Medical Center, Aurora, IL, USA
Anton Goldmann, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
R. Mauricio Gonzalez, MDVice Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Anthony W. Gray Jr., MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Kyle J. Gunnerson, MDAssociate Professor and Director of Critical Care Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, VCURES Laboratory, Richmond, VA, USA
Iman M. Hamour, MD, MBBS, MRCPDepartment of Cardiology and Transplant Medicine, The Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, UK
Kurt F. Heim, MD, PhDDirector, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Galen V. Henderson, MDDirector of Neurocritical Care and Neuroscience ICU, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Anja Heymann, MDResident, Department of Anesthesiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Steven W. Hwang, MDResident, Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
xviii
Contributors xix
Rao R. Ivatury, MD, FACSChair, Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency General Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
Denis H. Jablonka, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, Yale – New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
Larry M. Jones, MD, FACSMedical Director, Burn Center, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Walter J. Koroshetz, MDDeputy Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
Andreas H. Kramer, MD, MSc FRCPCClinical Assistant Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Nuerosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Younghoon Kwon, MDHealthEast Care System, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA
Ishaq Lat, PharmDClinical Pharmacist - Critical Care, Pharmacy Department, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Marcel Levi, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Chairman, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Keith P. Lewis, RPh, MDChairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Elisa Licari, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia
Thomas F. Lindsay, MDCM, MSc, FRCSC, FACSProfessor, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Haifa Lyster, BPharm(Hons), MScPrincipal Pharmacist, Transplantation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Pharmacy Department, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, UK
Manu L. N. G. Malbrain, MD, PhDDirector, Intensive Care Unit, ZNA Stuivenberg, Intensive Care Unit, Lange, Antwerpen, Belgium
Peter W. Marcello, MD, FACS, FASCRSVice Chairman, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Paul E. Marik, MD, MBBCh, FCP(SA), FRCP(c), FCCM, FCCPProfessor of Medicine, Chief of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medial School, Norfolk, VA, USA
xix
xx Contributors
David T. Martin, MD, FRCPAssociate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Director, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Patricia Mello, MDDirector, Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care, Hospital de Terapia Intensiva, Universidade Estadual Do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
Isabel Miranda, MD, MScIntensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E., Hospital de St. António dos Capuchos, Lisboa, Portugal
Rui Moreno, MD, PhDDirector, Intensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E., Hospital de St. António dos Capuchos, Lisboa, Portugal
Robert Morgan, MCChB, MRCP, FRCRConsultant Vascular and Interventional Radiologist, Department of Radiology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK
Irit Nachtigall, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Flávio Eduardo Nácul, MD, MScIntensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
John Merritt O’Donnell, MDDirector, Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Chairman, Department of Surgical Critical Care, Division of Surgery, The Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Jamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, PhDChief, Neurology Service and Neurocritical Care Unit, Hospital Espanhol;Associate Professor, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
Steven M. Opal, MD, PhDProfessor, Division of Infectious Diseases , The Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Brown University, Pawtucket, RI, USA
Rafael Ortega, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Giuseppe Papia, MD, MSc, FRCSCAssistant Professor, Division of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
A. David Peter, MDSurgical Resident, UPMC Mercy, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
François Philippart, MSc, MDDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France
Fredric M. Pieracci, MD, MPHResident, Department of Surgery and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
xx
Contributors xxi
Federico Polli, MDResident, Dipartimento di Anestesiologia eTerapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Alfons Pomp, MD, FRCSC, FACSProfessor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Erik Popp, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Tony M. Rahman, MD, BMBCh, MA DIC, PhD, FRCPConsultant Gastroenterologist and ICU Physician, Departments of Intensive Care and Gastroenterology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK
Sundara K. Rengasamy, MDCardio Thoracic and Vascular Anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Andrew Rhodes, FRCP, FRCADepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK
Emanuel P. Rivers, MD, MPHVice Chairman and Research Director, Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
Peter Rock, MD, MBA, FCCMProfessor and Martin Helrich Chairman of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, ML, USA
Gerardo Rodriguez, MDResident, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Michael S. Rosenblatt, MD, MPH, MBA, FACSClinical Associate Professor of Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine;Director, Trauma Service, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
William H. Rosenblatt, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Susan E. Schaefer, MS, RD, CNSDNutrition Support Specialist, Department of Nutrition Service, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Andreas SchneiderDepartment of Anesthesiology and Postoperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Shimul A. Shah, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
xxi
xxii Contributors
Elizabeth H. Sinz, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Medical Director, Simulation Development and Cognitive Science Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
Vadivelu Sivaraman, MD, MBBSAssistant Professor, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD, USA
Claudia Spies, MDProfessor, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Glynne D. Stanley, MD, MB, ChB, FRCAChairman, Department of Anesthesia, North Shore Medical Center, Salem, MA, USA
Michael Sugrue, MB BCh, BAO, MD, FRCSI FRACSDepartment of Surgery, Letterkenny General and Galway University Hospitals, Letterkenny General Hospital, Letterkenny, Donegal, Ireland
Alexis Tabah, MDMedical Intensive Care Medicine, Michallon Teaching Hospital, La Tronche, France
Pouneh Taghizadeh, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Rodney J. Taylor, MDDirector of Kidney/Pancreas Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
Dan R. Thompson, MD, MAProfessor of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Surgery, Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
Sam J. Thomson, MBBS, MRCPClinical Research Fellow, Department of Gastroenterology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK
Nicholas P. Tsapatsaris, MDAssociate Section Head, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Albert J. Varon, MDProfessor and Vice Chairman for Education, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
Bala Venkatesh, MBBS, MD, FRCA, FFARCSI, FJFICMProfessor, Critical Care Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Unit, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Princess Alexandra and Wesley Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Wickii T. Vigneswaran, MD, FACS, FRCSC, FRCS(CTh)Professor of Surgery, Associate Chief of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Director of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
xxii
Contributors xxiii
Hector Vilca-Melendez, MD, PhDInstitute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK
Andrew G. Villanueva, MDChairman, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Julia Wendon, MBChB, FRCPInstitute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK
Nikolaos Zias, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
Janice L. Zimmerman, MDProfessor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Head, Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Director of MICU, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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