Surgical Intensive Care Medicine

Second Edition

Surgical Intensive Care MedicineSecond Edition

Edited by

John M. O’DonnellDirector, Surgical Intensive Care UnitChairman, Department of Surgical Critical CareDivision of SurgeryThe Lahey Clinic Medical Center Burlington, MAUSA

Flávio E. NáculIntensive Care Medicine University HospitalFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, RJBrazil

EditorsJohn M. O’DonnellDirector, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Chairman, Department of Surgical Critical CareDivision of SurgeryThe Lahey Clinic Medical Center Burlington, MA, USA

Flávio E. NáculUniversity HospitalIntensive Care MedicineFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro - RJBrazil

ISBN 978-0-387-77892-1 e-ISBN 978-0-387-77893-8DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-77893-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009930636

© Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2010All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

(Corrected at 2nd printing 2011)

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This book is dedicated to my wife, Rocky, and daughter, Jacquelyn, who give me purpose; to my beloved parents, Kay and Frank “Shorty” O’Donnell, who never lost faith; to my mentors, whose patience was tested every day; and to all of the nurses who have ever cared for patients in the surgical intensive care unit at the Lahey Clinic Medical Center.

John M. O’Donnell, M.D.

To my parents Lilian and Jacob, and my wife Alessandra, for their uncondi-tional love; to my daughter Mariana, for the joy she brings to my life; and to my brother Luis and my uncle Sabino, for their support.

Flávio Eduardo Nácul, M.D.

Preface to the Second Edition

We are honored to present the second edition of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine. Our first edition was considered to be an important contribution to the critical care literature and received excellent reviews from Critical Care Medicine, Chest, and Anesthesiology. In the second edition, the basic organization of the book remains unchanged, being composed of 60 carefully selected chapters divided into 11 sections. The book begins with general topics in primary intensive care, such as airway management and vascular cannulation, followed by categories based on medical and surgical subspecialties. While the chapters discuss definitions, pathophysiology, clinical course, complications, and prognosis, the primary emphasis is devoted to patient management. The contents of the current edition have been comprehensively upgraded and the chapters retained from the first edition have been thoroughly updated, revised, or rewritten.

In this second edition, some new topics have been added including Postoperative Care of the Obese Patient, Postoperative Care of the Pancreas Transplant Patient, Optimization of High-Risk Surgical Patients, Postop-erative Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome, Ethics and End of Life Issues, Improving the ICU, and Continuous Medical Education in Intensive Care Medicine. We are extremely fortunate to have high-quality contributors, many of whom are nationally and internationally recognized researchers, speakers, and practitioners in Criti-cal Care Medicine. An important feature of this latest edition is the geographical diversity of its authors. Most are based in the United States, but colleagues from Canada, England, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, Italy, Portugal, and Australia have also made notable contributions.

The book is written for medical students, residents, and critical care fellows in training, and its purpose is to educate, stimulate, and serve as a resource for all professionals caring for the critically ill. Those who are not involved in the daily care of the acutely ill patient but who seek information will also find this book a valuable resource. We are very fortunate to have Springer as our publisher and we are especially thankful to our chapter authors and their families. We anticipate that our book will be both educational and enjoyable and we hope that both our readers and their patients will benefit.

Flávio E. Nácul, MDJohn M. O’Donnell, MD

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Acknowledgements

We would first and foremost like to thank Paula Callaghan and Springer Publishing Company for giving us the opportunity and providing the support necessary to develop the second edition of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine. We are forever grateful to Barbara Murphy and Melissa Ramondetta for giving us the opportunity to publish the first edition of our book. We are indebted to Maureen Pierce for her knowledge, enthusiasm, patience, and meticulous attention to detail while formatting and organizing the entire manuscript. We thank Kathy McQueen who was extremely helpful reviewing and editing the chapters. We thank Carol Spencer, the Lahey Clinic librarian, for without her tireless efforts, this text would not be possible. We are indebted to Roger Jenkins, MD, Sanford Kurtz, MD, and David Barrett, MD for their ongoing department support during the organizing, writing, and editing of this textbook. Lastly, we are especially grateful to the following colleagues for sharing their expertise and for their very useful comments on the chapters of this book: Fernando Afonso, MD, Luciano Azevedo, MD, Carlos Ferrari, MD, Maria Giaquinto, MD, Fernando Gutierrez, MD, PhD, Jana Hudcova, MD, Jean Hurynowicz, RN, Alexandre Isola, MD, Sara Lenherr, MD, Luciano Lisboa, MD, A. Lucy Querino, Denise Medeiros, MD, PhD, Carina Ruiz, MD, Patricia Toledo, and Bruno Zawadzki, MD.

John M. O’Donnell, MDFlávio E. Nácul, MD

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Contents

Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Part I Resuscitation and General Topics

1 Supplemental Oxygen Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Andrew G. Villanueva

2 Airway Management in the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Denis H. Jablonka and William Rosenblatt

3 Vascular Cannulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Shawn E. Banks and Albert J. Varon

4 Fluid Resuscitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Joachim Boldt

5 Vasoactive Amines and Inotropic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Keith P. Lewis, R. Mauricio Gonzalez, and Konstantin Balonov

6 Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Kyle J. Gunnerson and Emanuel P. Rivers

7 Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Flávio E. Nácul and John M. O’Donnell

8 Acid–Base Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Philip M. Alapat and Janice L. Zimmerman

9 Analgesia and Sedation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Ruben J. Azocar, Pouneh Taghizadeh, and Ishaq Lat

10 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Rafael A. Ortega, Gerardo Rodríguez, and Rubén Azocar

11 Optimization of the High-Risk Surgical Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Nawaf Al-Subaie and Andrew Rhodes

12 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Andreas Schneider, Erik Popp, and Bernd W. Böttiger

Part II Neurocritical Care

13 Management of Closed Head Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Peter K. Dempsey and Steven W. Hwang

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14 Spinal Cord Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Fred H. Geisler and William P. Coleman

15 Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Jamary Oliveira-Filho and Walter J. Koroshetz

16 Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Jamary Oliveira-Filho and Walter J. Koroshetz

17 Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Andreas H. Kramer and Thomas P. Bleck

18 Critical Illness Polyneuropathy and Myopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Galen V. Henderson

Part III Cardiology

19 Management of Hypertension in the Perioperative Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Nicholas P. Tsapatsaris and Durathun Farha

20 Postoperative Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Glynne D. Stanley and Sundara K. Rengasamy

21 Management of Postoperative Arrhythmias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Eugene H. Chung and David T. Martin

Part IV Pulmonary Medicine

22 Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Luciano Gattinoni, Eleonora Carlesso, and Federico Polli

23 Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Peter Rock and Vadivelu Sivaraman

24 Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Andrew G. Villanueva and Nicholas P. Tsapatsaris

25 Fat Embolism Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277John M. O’Donnell

26 Venous Air Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Carl J. Borromeo

Part V Infectious Diseases, Sepsis, MODS

27 Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Patricia Mello and R. Phillip Dellinger

28 Vascular Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Nikolaos Zias, Alexandra Chroneou, John F. Beamis, and Donald E. Craven

29 Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Alexandra Chroneou, Nikolaos Zias, Anthony Gray, and Donald E. Craven

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30 Intra-abdominal Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Marc E. Brozovich and Peter W. Marcello

31 Evaluation of the Febrile Patient in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Alexis Tabah, François Philippart, and Jean Carlet

32 Antimicrobial Use in Surgical Intensive Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Robert A. Duncan

Part VI Hematology

33 Coagulation Abnormalities in the Critically Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Marcel Levi and Steven M. Opal

34 Blood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Kurt F. Heim

Part VII Metabolism and Nutrition

35 Hyperglycemia in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Gary W. Cushing

36 Adrenal Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Bala Venkatesh and Jeremy Cohen

37 Nutrition Support in Intensive Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Susan E. Schaefer and David L. Burns

Part VIII Nephrology and Electrolytes

38 Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Paolo Calzavacca, Elisa Licari, and Rinaldo Bellomo

39 Renal Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Elisa Licari, Paolo Calzavacca, and Rinaldo Bellomo

40 Disorders of Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Flávio Eduardo Nácul

Part IX Gastroenterology

41 Gastrointestinal Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Sam J. Thomson, Matthew L. Cowan, Robert Morgan, and Tony M. Rahman

42 Acute Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Jan J. De Waele

Part X Surgery, Trauma, and Transplantation

43 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489Michael S. Rosenblatt

44 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Larry M. Jones, Alain C. Corcos, and Amarjit D. Peter

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45 The Abdominal Compartment Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Manu L. Malbrain, Michael Cheatham, Michael Sugrue, and Rao Ivatury

46 Rhabdomyolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Flávio E. Nácul and John M. O’Donnell

47 Postoperative Care of the Cardiac Surgical Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535Ross F. Dimarco Jr.

48 Postoperative Care Following Major Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Giuseppe Papia and Thomas F. Lindsay

49 Postoperative Care After Bariatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Fredric M. Pieracci, Alfons Pomp, and Philip S. Barie

50 Care of the Organ Donor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Younghoon Kwon and Marie R. Baldisseri

51 Postoperative Care of the Heart Transplant Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Nicholas R. Banner, Iman Hamour, Haifa Lyster, Margaret Burke, Michael J. Boscoe, and Gilles Dreyfus

52 Postoperative Care of the Lung-Transplant Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Wickii T. Vigneswaran and Sangeeta M. Bhorade

53 Postoperative Care of the Liver-Transplant Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Philip A. Berry, Hector Vilca Melendez, and Julia A. Wendon

54 Postoperative Care of the Pancreas-Transplant Recipient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639Shimul A. Shah and Rodney J. Taylor

Part XI Additional Topics

55 Management of the Critically Ill Geriatric Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649Paul E. Marik

56 Alcohol Withdrawal in the Surgical Patient: Prevention and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Anja Heymann, Irit Nachtigall, Anton Goldmann, and Claudia Spies

57 Ethics and the End-of-Life Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Dan R. Thompson

58 Scoring Systems and Outcome Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Rui Moreno and Isabel Miranda

59 Improving the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Allan Garland

60 Continuing Education in Critical Care Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Elizabeth H. Sinz

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Erratum to Chapters 2, 3 and 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

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Contributors

Philip Alapat, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Nawaf Al-Subaie, MD, FRCA, MBChBAnaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St. George’s Hospital London, UK

Ruben J. Azocar, MDAssistant Professor and Residency Program Director, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Marie R. Baldisseri, MD, FCCMAssociate Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Konstantin Balonov, MDResident, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Shawn E. Banks, MDAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Nicholas R. Banner, MD, FRCPConsultant and Senior Lecturer, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Cardiology and Transplant Medicine, Imperial College University of London, Middlesex, UK

Philip S. Barie, MD, MBA, FCCM, FACSProfessor of Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

John F. Beamis Jr, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of MedicineChairman, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Rinaldo Bellomo, MD, FRACP, FJFICMProfessor, Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia

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xvi Contributors

Philip A. Berry, MD, MBChB, MRCPInstitute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK

Sangeeta M. Bhorade, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Medical Director of Lung Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Thomas P. Bleck, MD, FCCMProfessor of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Medicine, and Anesthesiology Assistant Dean, Rush Medical College, Associate Chief Medical Officer (Critical Care) Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Joachim Boldt, MDProfessor, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ludwisgshafen, Germany

Carl J. Borromeo, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Tufts University School of Medicine,Staff Anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesiology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Michael J. Boscoe, MD, MBBS, FRCAConsultant Anaesthetist, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Department of Anaesthetics, Middlesex, UK

Bernd W. Böttiger, MDProfessor, Department of Anesthesiology and Postoperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Marc E. Brozovich, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Wexford, PA, USA

Margaret Burke, MD, MB FRCPathDepartment of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK

David L. Burns, MD, CNSP, FACGAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine;Director of Nutritional Support, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Paolo Calzavacca, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia

Eleonora Carlesso, MScDipartimento di Anestesiologia e Terapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Jean Carlet, MDHead Medical/Surgical ICU, Department of Réanimation, Groupe Hospitalier Paris – St. Joseph, Paris, France

Michael L. Cheatham, MD, FACS, FCCMDirector, Surgical Intensive Care Units, Department of Surgical Education, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA

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Contributors xvii

Alexandra Chroneou, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Eugene H. Chung, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Service, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Jeremy Cohen, MBBS, MRCP, FRCA, FJFICMCritical Care Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Unit, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Princess Alexandra and Wesley Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

William P. Coleman, PhDBiostatistician, WPCMath, Buffalo, NY, USA

Alain C. Corcos, MD, FACSAssistant Director, Trauma and Burn Services, UPMC Mercy, Department of Trauma Services, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Matthew Cowan, BSc, MRCPClinical Research Fellow, Department of Gastroenterology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK

Donald E. Craven, MDProfessor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine,Chair, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Gary W. Cushing, MD, FACEAssociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine,Chairman, Department of Endocrinology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center,Burlington, MA, USA

R. Phillip Dellinger, MDProfessor of Medicine, Head, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper University Hospital, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, USA

Peter K. Dempsey, MDAssistant Clinical Professor, Tufts University School of Medicine,Senior Staff Physician, Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center;Burlington, MA, USA

Jan J. De Waele, MD, PhDIntensivist, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

Ross F. DiMarco Jr., MDChief, Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UPMC Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Gilles D. Dreyfus, MD, FRCSProfessor of Cardiac Surgery, NHLI, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Imperial College, London, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UK

Robert A. Duncan, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Hospital Epidemiologist, Department for Infectious Diseases, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

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xviii Contributors

Durathun Farha, MDVascular Medicine Fellow, Department of Vascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Allan Garland, MD, MAAssociate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada

Luciano Gattinoni, MD, FRCPProfessor of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Dipartimento di Anestesiologia e Terapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli, Regina Elena di Milano, Milan, Italy

Fred H. Geisler, MD, PhDFounder, Department of Neurosurgery, Illinois Neuro-Spine Center, Rush Copley Medical Center, Aurora, IL, USA

Anton Goldmann, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

R. Mauricio Gonzalez, MDVice Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Anthony W. Gray Jr., MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Kyle J. Gunnerson, MDAssociate Professor and Director of Critical Care Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, VCURES Laboratory, Richmond, VA, USA

Iman M. Hamour, MD, MBBS, MRCPDepartment of Cardiology and Transplant Medicine, The Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, UK

Kurt F. Heim, MD, PhDDirector, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Galen V. Henderson, MDDirector of Neurocritical Care and Neuroscience ICU, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Anja Heymann, MDResident, Department of Anesthesiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Steven W. Hwang, MDResident, Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

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Contributors xix

Rao R. Ivatury, MD, FACSChair, Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency General Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA

Denis H. Jablonka, MDAssistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, Yale – New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA

Larry M. Jones, MD, FACSMedical Director, Burn Center, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Walter J. Koroshetz, MDDeputy Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA

Andreas H. Kramer, MD, MSc FRCPCClinical Assistant Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Nuerosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Younghoon Kwon, MDHealthEast Care System, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA

Ishaq Lat, PharmDClinical Pharmacist - Critical Care, Pharmacy Department, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Marcel Levi, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine, Chairman, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Keith P. Lewis, RPh, MDChairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Elisa Licari, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia

Thomas F. Lindsay, MDCM, MSc, FRCSC, FACSProfessor, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Haifa Lyster, BPharm(Hons), MScPrincipal Pharmacist, Transplantation, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Pharmacy Department, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, UK

Manu L. N. G. Malbrain, MD, PhDDirector, Intensive Care Unit, ZNA Stuivenberg, Intensive Care Unit, Lange, Antwerpen, Belgium

Peter W. Marcello, MD, FACS, FASCRSVice Chairman, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Paul E. Marik, MD, MBBCh, FCP(SA), FRCP(c), FCCM, FCCPProfessor of Medicine, Chief of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medial School, Norfolk, VA, USA

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xx Contributors

David T. Martin, MD, FRCPAssociate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Director, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Patricia Mello, MDDirector, Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care, Hospital de Terapia Intensiva, Universidade Estadual Do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil

Isabel Miranda, MD, MScIntensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E., Hospital de St. António dos Capuchos, Lisboa, Portugal

Rui Moreno, MD, PhDDirector, Intensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E., Hospital de St. António dos Capuchos, Lisboa, Portugal

Robert Morgan, MCChB, MRCP, FRCRConsultant Vascular and Interventional Radiologist, Department of Radiology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK

Irit Nachtigall, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Flávio Eduardo Nácul, MD, MScIntensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil

John Merritt O’Donnell, MDDirector, Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Chairman, Department of Surgical Critical Care, Division of Surgery, The Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Jamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, PhDChief, Neurology Service and Neurocritical Care Unit, Hospital Espanhol;Associate Professor, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

Steven M. Opal, MD, PhDProfessor, Division of Infectious Diseases , The Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Brown University, Pawtucket, RI, USA

Rafael Ortega, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Papia, MD, MSc, FRCSCAssistant Professor, Division of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

A. David Peter, MDSurgical Resident, UPMC Mercy, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

François Philippart, MSc, MDDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France

Fredric M. Pieracci, MD, MPHResident, Department of Surgery and Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

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Contributors xxi

Federico Polli, MDResident, Dipartimento di Anestesiologia eTerapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Alfons Pomp, MD, FRCSC, FACSProfessor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Erik Popp, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Tony M. Rahman, MD, BMBCh, MA DIC, PhD, FRCPConsultant Gastroenterologist and ICU Physician, Departments of Intensive Care and Gastroenterology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK

Sundara K. Rengasamy, MDCardio Thoracic and Vascular Anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

Andrew Rhodes, FRCP, FRCADepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK

Emanuel P. Rivers, MD, MPHVice Chairman and Research Director, Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA

Peter Rock, MD, MBA, FCCMProfessor and Martin Helrich Chairman of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, ML, USA

Gerardo Rodriguez, MDResident, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

Michael S. Rosenblatt, MD, MPH, MBA, FACSClinical Associate Professor of Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine;Director, Trauma Service, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

William H. Rosenblatt, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Susan E. Schaefer, MS, RD, CNSDNutrition Support Specialist, Department of Nutrition Service, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Andreas SchneiderDepartment of Anesthesiology and Postoperative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Shimul A. Shah, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

xxi

xxii Contributors

Elizabeth H. Sinz, MDProfessor of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Medical Director, Simulation Development and Cognitive Science Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

Vadivelu Sivaraman, MD, MBBSAssistant Professor, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD, USA

Claudia Spies, MDProfessor, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Glynne D. Stanley, MD, MB, ChB, FRCAChairman, Department of Anesthesia, North Shore Medical Center, Salem, MA, USA

Michael Sugrue, MB BCh, BAO, MD, FRCSI FRACSDepartment of Surgery, Letterkenny General and Galway University Hospitals, Letterkenny General Hospital, Letterkenny, Donegal, Ireland

Alexis Tabah, MDMedical Intensive Care Medicine, Michallon Teaching Hospital, La Tronche, France

Pouneh Taghizadeh, MDDepartment of Anesthesiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Rodney J. Taylor, MDDirector of Kidney/Pancreas Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

Dan R. Thompson, MD, MAProfessor of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Surgery, Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA

Sam J. Thomson, MBBS, MRCPClinical Research Fellow, Department of Gastroenterology, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK

Nicholas P. Tsapatsaris, MDAssociate Section Head, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Albert J. Varon, MDProfessor and Vice Chairman for Education, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA

Bala Venkatesh, MBBS, MD, FRCA, FFARCSI, FJFICMProfessor, Critical Care Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Unit, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Princess Alexandra and Wesley Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Wickii T. Vigneswaran, MD, FACS, FRCSC, FRCS(CTh)Professor of Surgery, Associate Chief of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Director of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

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Contributors xxiii

Hector Vilca-Melendez, MD, PhDInstitute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK

Andrew G. Villanueva, MDChairman, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Julia Wendon, MBChB, FRCPInstitute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK

Nikolaos Zias, MDResearch Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Janice L. Zimmerman, MDProfessor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Head, Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Director of MICU, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

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