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Respiratory System

• 1. nostril• 2. nasal

cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Epiglottis

(flap)

5. Larynx

(voice box)

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Respiratory System (cont)

6. Esophagus (to stomach)

7. Trachea

8. R. lung

9. Pleura (lining)

6.

7.

8.

9.


• 10. bronchi

• 11. bronchioles

• 12. diaphragm10.

11.

12.


• 13. alveoli• 14. pulmonary artery• 15. capillary bed• 16. alveolar duct• 17. alveolus

13.

14.

15.

16.

From the heart

To the heart: pulmonary vein

Respiratory System

• What is another name for the trachea? Where is it?

• Windpipe and located below epiglottis

Where is the L. pulmonary artery?

R. Pulmonary vein

• L. pulmonary artery is 3• R. pulmonary vein is 4

Label and describe what is going on here:

• Answer next slide

What electron carriers are at “D” and at “E”?

“D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH

What waste gas leaves at “H”?

H = Carbon Dioxide

What processes are at A, B, C?

A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle) C (ETC and chemiosmosis)

What is at “I” “F” “G”?

__I

“I” = 2 ATP, “F”= 2 ATP, “G” = 34 ATP?

18. Which process is the anaerobic one in yeast?

• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation

• ANSWER: alcoholic fermentation

19.Which is the movement of H+ ions across ATP synthase?


• ANSWER: chemiosmosis

20. Which is the splitting of glucose into two 3-carbon compounds?


• ANSWER: glycolysis

21. Which is also called the citric acid cycle?

• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation• G. TCA cycle

• ANSWER: Krebs cycle and TCA

22. Which is the movement of electrons from high energy to low?• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation

• ANSWER: ETC

23. Which is the anaerobic process in animals’ muscles?


• ANSWER: lactic acid fermentation

24. How many carbons are in each pyruvic acid molecule?

• 2 3 6 34 38 40

• ANSWER: 3

25. How many ATP’s are formed when one molecule of glucose

break down (net) in glycolysis only?

• 2 3 6 34 38 40

• ANSWER: 2 (net)

26. What is the number of FADH2 formed per pyruvate

molecule in glycolysis?

• 0• 1• 2• 3• 4• 6• ANSWER 0

27. How many ATP’s are formed during the ETC and chemiosmosis?

• 2 3 6 34 38 40

• ANSWER: 34

28. How many net ATP’s are formed from the breakdown of one glucose

molecule TOTAL from cellular respiration (Krebs +

ETC/chemiosmosis) and glycolysis?

• 2 3 6 34 38 40

• ANSWER: 38

29. How many ATP’s are needed to get the glucose in glycolysis to start

breaking down?

• 2 3 6 34 38 40

• ANSWER: 2

30. How many ATP are made in the Energy Payoff Phase of

Glycolysis?

• 1• 2• 3• 4

• ANSWER: 4

HEY!!!!!

• 1 NADH = __________ ATP• 1 FADH2 = _________ ATP

• 3• 2

31. Where does FERMENTATION occur?

• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion

• ANSWER: cytoplasm (fermentation and glycolysis)

32. Where does Krebs CYCLE occur?


• ANSWER: matrix

33. Where does ETC occur?


• ANSWER: inner membrane

34. Where do H+ ions collect before they pass through the ATP

synthase? • A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion

• ANSWER: intermembrane space

35. Where is the ATP synthase located??


• ANSWER: inner membrane

36. How is the ETC different than burning glucose with a

flame?• ETC breaks down glucose gradually

• A flame burns glucose all at once

• 34% of energy captured (ETC), rest is lost as heat

37. Which electron carrier(s) (is) are in glycolysis?

• FADH NADH

• NADH• Which electron carriers are in

Krebs cycle?• BOTH NADH and FADH2

38. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?

• A. oxygen• B. NAD+• C. FAD• D. Jimin Leeeeee

• ANSWER: oxygen

39. Where do each of these come from to form water in cellular

respiration?

• H+• NADH and FADH2

• Oxygen• Breathing in• Electrons• NADH and FADH2 (released to ETC)

41.What is the difference?

• Between calorie and Calorie?

• calorie = heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

• Calorie = 1000 calories• Calorie = 1 kcal

So…

• 50 calories• 0.05 Calories• 0.05 kcal

• 1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1 kcal• 1 calorie = .001 Calorie = .001 kcal

1 Calorie= 1000 calories

42. What is another name for…

• The Krebs Cycle?• A. Calvin Cycle• B. Lactic Acid Cycle• C. Citric Acid Cycle• D. Pyruvic Acid Cycle• E. TCA cycle

• ANSWER: C + E

43. Which enzyme…

• Grooms pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?

• A. Lactase• B. Coenzyme A• C. Coenzyme K• D. Protease

• ANSWER: B

43. What is cut off…

• Pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?

• A. oxygen• B. nitrogen• C. hydroxide• D. carbon dioxide

• ANSWER: D

44. What is formed at the end of glycolysis (3-C molecule)?

• Carbon dioxide• Pyruvate• G3P• NADH

• ANSWER: pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

45. What is the product at the end of ETC/chemiosmosis with H+ and

with oxygen?• Pyruvic acid• ATP• Water• Carbon dioxide

• ANSWER: water

46. What product forms with ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in yeast

fermentation?• ATP• Water• Carbon dioxide• Ethanol

• ANSWER: carbon dioxide

47. What product forms at the end of anaerobic fermentation in

muscles of animals?• Carbon dioxide• Water• Pyruvic acid• Lactic acid• Ethanol

• ANSWER: lactic acid

48. What is an intermediate formed at the end of the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis?• Pyruvate• G3P• OAA• Citric acid

• ANSWER: G3P

49. What forms as a waste product in yeast + glucose if

oxygen is not present ?

• ethanol

50. ADP

• HOW DIFFERENT IS ATP?

• ANSWER: ATP has one more phosphate attached

• ATP stores more energy

51.NAD+

• HOW DIFFERENT IS NADH?

• Answer: NADH Picked up electrons and hydrogen.

52. FAD

• How different is FADH2 ?

• ANSWER: FADH2 has picked up electrons and 2 hydrogen.

53. Glucose

• How different is pyruvic acid?

• ANSWER: Glucose is 6-C and pyruvic acid is 3-C made from glucose splitting.

Is it ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC?

• Glycolysis• Krebs cycle• Chemiosmosis• Fermentation• ETC

• Anaerobic• Aerobic• Aerobic• Anaerobic• Aerobic

54. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

• A. with oxygen• B. without oxygen

• ANSWER: anaerobic is without oxygen

• Aerobic is with oxygen

55. What causes the electrons to flow down the ETC?

• e- are passed from one protein to another from high energy to lower pulled by the final oxygen acceptor

• (the escaped energy is used to move the H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)

55. What is the final electron acceptor?

• OXYGEN

56. What is the respiratory system disorder?

• Involuntary muscles of the air tubes constrict making breathing difficult

• Asthma

• Spasmic contractions of the diaphragm causing the snapping of the glottis

• hiccups


• Infection of overuse of the vocal cords causing loss of sound.

• Laryngitis

• Chronic expansion of the alveoli so they cannot spring back.

• emphysema


• Infection of the lining of the air tubes causing soreness, swelling the irritation for a raspy cough.

• bronchitis

• A sore throat. Its an inflammation or infection of the lining of the throat.

• pharyngitis


• An infection of the lung air sacs and alveoli- they fill with fluids and breathing is labored.

• pneumonia

• An infection of the membranes surrounding the lungs, painful to breathe.

• pleurisy

57. What is the formula for cellular respiration?

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2

•

• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

• + ATP

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

58. What is the difference between substrate-level

phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

• See the next slide

2 Ways to Make ATP• Substrate-Level

Phosphorylation• (without a

membrane; it occurs in the cytoplasm or matrix of mitochondrion with help of an enzyme)

• Oxidative Phosphorylation

• diffusion of particles through a membrane produces ATP

• -loses e-

59. How is pyruvate “cut and groomed” to enter the Krebs

cycle?• Cut = remove

carbon as carbon dioxide

• Groomed is acetyl group is attached to Coenzyme A

60. Fill in the total number formed in the Krebs cycle for 2

pyruvates:• ATP• NADH• FADH2

• CO2

• 2• 6• 2• 4

61. CONTRAST

• SLOW TWITCH MUSCLES• Thin fibers• Many mitochondrion• Aerobic• Many myoglobin• Dark Meat• Long Distance runs

• FAST TWITCH MUSCLES• Thick fibers• Few Mitochondrion• Anaerobic• Few myoglobin• Light Meat• Sprinters, weight lifting

62. WHAT IS AT EACH AREA?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.folds

Intermembrane space

(Fold)

63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is

reduced?

63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is

reduced?• ANSWERLose e- and lose H

Gain e- and gain H

LEO goes GER

64. What is OAA?

• Oxaloacetate combines with acetyl group to form citric acid

OAA

65. What causes ATP synthase to produce ATP?

• As the H+ ions that collected in the intermembrane space pass through the ATP synthase, it moves and causes the P to join ADP to form ATP

66.Match the poisons

• Cyanide

• Oligomycin

• DNP

• rotenone

• Blocks ETC to kill insects and fish in ponds-Blocks first protein in ETC

• Blocks fourth protein in ETC; used in Tylenol tampering

• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage

• Quickens metabolic rate-energy all lost as heat

66.Match the poisons

• Cyanide

• Oligomycin

• DNP

• rotenone

ANSWERS• Blocks fourth protein in

ETC; used in Tylenol tampering

• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage

• Quickens metabolic rate-energy all lost as heat

• Blocks first protein in ETC

and Blocks ETC to kill insects and fish in ponds

67. How does pyruvate change in

Alcoholic fermentation• Gives off carbon dioxide• Regenerates NADH to

NAD+• Forms alcohol (ethanol)

Lactic acid fermentation

• Forms lactic acid• DOES NOT FORM

carbon dioxide• Does regenerate NADH

to NAD+

68. How are these different?

Obligate anaerobes• Organisms that require

anaerobic conditions (NO OXYGEN)

Facultative anaerobes

• Organisms that can live in or not live in aerobic conditions

69. What is the smallest rotary motor known?

• ATP synthase

What runs it?• Proton concentration (H+)

gradient from the intermembrane space

• WHAT DOES IT MAKE?• ATP

70. Which process…

• Means “sugar breaking?”

•A. glycolysis

• B. Krebs cycle• C. ETC• D. chemiosmosis

• ANSWER: A

71. What process…

• Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue?

• A. Krebs cycle• B. fermentation• C. glycolysis• D. chemiosmosis

• ANSWER: B

72. See question 64

73. In a redox reaction how do you know if a molecule has been oxidized? Reduced?

• Oxidized = loss of electrons = loss of H+

• Reduced = gain of electrons = gain of H+

74-77 What is at “A” and “C”?

“A” = ETC “C” = ATP Synthase

Where do the H+ ions collect?

H+ ions collect at “B”

H+

H+

H+H+

Where is the Krebs Cycle?

H+

H+

H+H+

“D” has the Krebs Cycle

H+

H+

H+H+

KREBS CYCLE

When electrons are passed in the ETC, what direction does the

energy flow?• Low to high • High to low• Even throughout

• ANSWER: High to low

What is phosphorylation?

• Addition of a phosphate• Addition of a hydrogen• Addition of an oxygen

• ANSWER: Addition of a phosphate• Like ADP + P = ATP• Adding P to glucose to break into pyruvic acid

78. Which is inhalation?

Which is inhalation?

Contract

Vol. increaseRelax

Volume decrease

Which is the diaphragm relaxing?

EXTENDED RESPONSE HINTS

• 1. NAD+ to NADH and back to NAD+• Example: glycolysis, Kreb cycle, ETC• Show when it forms NAD+ to NADH and

then loses them at the ETC (LEO goes GER)

ETC and ATP synthase Team

• 2. H+/e- source from NADH and FADH2

EXTENDED RESPONSEHINTS

• 3. Pulmonary arteries Normal arteries• Carry deoxygenated carry oxygenated

• Pulmonary veins Normal veins• Carry oxygenated carry deoxygenated

• Arteries always away from the heart• Veins always to the heart

LUNGSHeart to body

EXTENDED RESPONSE HINTS #4

• Anaerobic respiration Aerobic resp.• Does not requires O2 Requires oxygen

• Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in mitoch.• Only needs enzymes Needs membranes• act as ETC, ATP• synthase• Only makes 2 ATP makes 34 + 2 ATP

Just a bunch more of

•Great questions

Where does it take place?

• 1. cellular respiration• 2. Krebs cycle• 3. lactic acid fermentation• 4. alcoholic fermentation• 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product

CHOICES:• C = cytoplasm• M = mitochondrion• IM = inner membrane• IMS = inter membrane space• MX = matrix


• 1. cellular respiration• 2. Krebs cycle• 3. lactic acid fermentation• 4. alcoholic fermentation• 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product

• M• MX

• C• C

• MX


• ETC• Glycolysis• Citric acid cycle• NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-)

• H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e-

CHOICES:• C = cytoplasm• M = mitochondrion• IM = inner

membrane• IMS = inter

membrane space• MX = matrix


• ETC• Glycolysis• Citric acid cycle• NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-)

• H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e-

• IM• C• MX

• MX to IM

• IMS

What number?2 3 4 6 34 38

ATP to start glycolysis?

ANSWER: 2

Total ATP made from glycolysis to pyruvic acid?

ANSWER: 4


Net ATP made from glucose to pyruvic acid?

ANSWER: 2

ATP from Krebs cycle?

ANSWER: 2


ATP from ETC and chemiosmosis?

ANSWER: 34

Total ATP from one glucose broken down (glycolysis + Krebs cycle + ETC/chemiosmosis) ?

ANSWER:38


Number of carbons in glucose?

ANSWER: 6

Number of carbons in pyruvic acid?

ANSWER: 3

What molecule is it?

• That grooms pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle?

ANSWER: coenzyme A


That is the final (ultimate) electron acceptor?

ANSWER: oxygen


That forms when pyruvic acid breaks down in muscles (anaerobically)?

ANSWER: lactic acid

What 2 molecules…

• That form when pyruvic acid breaks down in yeasts (anaerobically)?

• ANSWER: carbon dioxide and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)


• An electron carrier formed from glycolysis?

• ANSWER:NAD+ to NADH


• 2 electron carriers formed in the Krebs cycle?

• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2

What molecule…

• Forms after H+ ions go through ATP synthase?

• ANSWER: ATP


• That is formed after H+ ions join with oxygen?

• ANSWER: H2O


• That forms as a one-carbon waste product in the Krebs cycle?

• ANSWER: carbon dioxide


• That is a 6-carbon molecule that forms temporarily in the Krebs cycle (2-C acetyl CoA and a 4-C compound)?

• ANSWER: citric acid

Which is the form in each that is

filled carrying e-?• NAD+ or NADH?

• FADH2 or FAD?

• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2

As e- go down the ETC, do they do it…?

• Gradually (step by step)• OR• Quickly (all at once)?

• ANSWER: gradually

Pyruvic acid gets “cut and groomed” by what and to go

where?

• ANSWER:• BY Coenzyme A to go into

the Krebs cycle

What is chemiosmosis?

• The diffusion of _____________ from ______ concentration to ___________ concentration across a ________________.

• ANSWER: H+ ions, High to Low, membrane

Where do the H+ ions collect after the NADH and FADH2

dropped them off and they got pulled to here?

• ANSWER:• Intermembrane Space