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Transcript of SUGAR UP
SUGAR UPQUESTIONS
Or Review to Chapter 6 Honors
BiologyTest
Respiratory System
• 1. nostril• 2. nasal
cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Epiglottis
(flap)
5. Larynx
(voice box)
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Respiratory System (cont)
6. Esophagus (to stomach)
7. Trachea
8. R. lung
9. Pleura (lining)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Respiratory System (cont)
• 10. bronchi
• 11. bronchioles
• 12. diaphragm10.
11.
12.
Respiratory System (cont)
• 13. alveoli• 14. pulmonary artery• 15. capillary bed• 16. alveolar duct• 17. alveolus
13.
14.
15.
16.
From the heart
To the heart: pulmonary vein
Respiratory System
• What is another name for the trachea? Where is it?
• Windpipe and located below epiglottis
Where is the L. pulmonary artery?
R. Pulmonary vein
• L. pulmonary artery is 3• R. pulmonary vein is 4
Label and describe what is going on here:
• Answer next slide
What electron carriers are at “D” and at “E”?
“D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH
What waste gas leaves at “H”?
H = Carbon Dioxide
What processes are at A, B, C?
A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle) C (ETC and chemiosmosis)
What is at “I” “F” “G”?
__I
“I” = 2 ATP, “F”= 2 ATP, “G” = 34 ATP?
18. Which process is the anaerobic one in yeast?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: alcoholic fermentation
19.Which is the movement of H+ ions across ATP synthase?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: chemiosmosis
20. Which is the splitting of glucose into two 3-carbon compounds?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: glycolysis
21. Which is also called the citric acid cycle?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation• G. TCA cycle
• ANSWER: Krebs cycle and TCA
22. Which is the movement of electrons from high energy to low?• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: ETC
23. Which is the anaerobic process in animals’ muscles?
• A. glycolysis• B. Krebs Cycle• C. Chemiosmosis• D. ETC• E. alcoholic fermentation• F. lactic acid fermentation
• ANSWER: lactic acid fermentation
24. How many carbons are in each pyruvic acid molecule?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 3
25. How many ATP’s are formed when one molecule of glucose
break down (net) in glycolysis only?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 2 (net)
26. What is the number of FADH2 formed per pyruvate
molecule in glycolysis?
• 0• 1• 2• 3• 4• 6• ANSWER 0
27. How many ATP’s are formed during the ETC and chemiosmosis?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 34
28. How many net ATP’s are formed from the breakdown of one glucose
molecule TOTAL from cellular respiration (Krebs +
ETC/chemiosmosis) and glycolysis?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 38
29. How many ATP’s are needed to get the glucose in glycolysis to start
breaking down?
• 2 3 6 34 38 40
• ANSWER: 2
30. How many ATP are made in the Energy Payoff Phase of
Glycolysis?
• 1• 2• 3• 4
• ANSWER: 4
HEY!!!!!
• 1 NADH = __________ ATP• 1 FADH2 = _________ ATP
• 3• 2
31. Where does FERMENTATION occur?
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: cytoplasm (fermentation and glycolysis)
32. Where does Krebs CYCLE occur?
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: matrix
33. Where does ETC occur?
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: inner membrane
34. Where do H+ ions collect before they pass through the ATP
synthase? • A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: intermembrane space
35. Where is the ATP synthase located??
• A. Cytoplasm• B. Matrix• C. Inner membrane of mitochondrion• D. Intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• ANSWER: inner membrane
36. How is the ETC different than burning glucose with a
flame?• ETC breaks down glucose gradually
• A flame burns glucose all at once
• 34% of energy captured (ETC), rest is lost as heat
37. Which electron carrier(s) (is) are in glycolysis?
• FADH NADH
• NADH• Which electron carriers are in
Krebs cycle?• BOTH NADH and FADH2
38. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?
• A. oxygen• B. NAD+• C. FAD• D. Jimin Leeeeee
• ANSWER: oxygen
39. Where do each of these come from to form water in cellular
respiration?
• H+• NADH and FADH2
• Oxygen• Breathing in• Electrons• NADH and FADH2 (released to ETC)
41.What is the difference?
• Between calorie and Calorie?
• calorie = heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
• Calorie = 1000 calories• Calorie = 1 kcal
So…
• 50 calories• 0.05 Calories• 0.05 kcal
• 1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1 kcal• 1 calorie = .001 Calorie = .001 kcal
1 Calorie= 1000 calories
42. What is another name for…
• The Krebs Cycle?• A. Calvin Cycle• B. Lactic Acid Cycle• C. Citric Acid Cycle• D. Pyruvic Acid Cycle• E. TCA cycle
• ANSWER: C + E
43. Which enzyme…
• Grooms pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?
• A. Lactase• B. Coenzyme A• C. Coenzyme K• D. Protease
• ANSWER: B
43. What is cut off…
• Pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?
• A. oxygen• B. nitrogen• C. hydroxide• D. carbon dioxide
• ANSWER: D
44. What is formed at the end of glycolysis (3-C molecule)?
• Carbon dioxide• Pyruvate• G3P• NADH
• ANSWER: pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
45. What is the product at the end of ETC/chemiosmosis with H+ and
with oxygen?• Pyruvic acid• ATP• Water• Carbon dioxide
• ANSWER: water
46. What product forms with ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in yeast
fermentation?• ATP• Water• Carbon dioxide• Ethanol
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide
47. What product forms at the end of anaerobic fermentation in
muscles of animals?• Carbon dioxide• Water• Pyruvic acid• Lactic acid• Ethanol
• ANSWER: lactic acid
48. What is an intermediate formed at the end of the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis?• Pyruvate• G3P• OAA• Citric acid
• ANSWER: G3P
49. What forms as a waste product in yeast + glucose if
oxygen is not present ?
• ethanol
50. ADP
• HOW DIFFERENT IS ATP?
• ANSWER: ATP has one more phosphate attached
• ATP stores more energy
51.NAD+
• HOW DIFFERENT IS NADH?
• Answer: NADH Picked up electrons and hydrogen.
52. FAD
• How different is FADH2 ?
• ANSWER: FADH2 has picked up electrons and 2 hydrogen.
53. Glucose
• How different is pyruvic acid?
• ANSWER: Glucose is 6-C and pyruvic acid is 3-C made from glucose splitting.
Is it ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC?
• Glycolysis• Krebs cycle• Chemiosmosis• Fermentation• ETC
• Anaerobic• Aerobic• Aerobic• Anaerobic• Aerobic
54. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?
• A. with oxygen• B. without oxygen
• ANSWER: anaerobic is without oxygen
• Aerobic is with oxygen
55. What causes the electrons to flow down the ETC?
• e- are passed from one protein to another from high energy to lower pulled by the final oxygen acceptor
• (the escaped energy is used to move the H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)
55. What is the final electron acceptor?
• OXYGEN
56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• Involuntary muscles of the air tubes constrict making breathing difficult
• Asthma
• Spasmic contractions of the diaphragm causing the snapping of the glottis
• hiccups
56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• Infection of overuse of the vocal cords causing loss of sound.
• Laryngitis
• Chronic expansion of the alveoli so they cannot spring back.
• emphysema
56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• Infection of the lining of the air tubes causing soreness, swelling the irritation for a raspy cough.
• bronchitis
• A sore throat. Its an inflammation or infection of the lining of the throat.
• pharyngitis
56. What is the respiratory system disorder?
• An infection of the lung air sacs and alveoli- they fill with fluids and breathing is labored.
• pneumonia
• An infection of the membranes surrounding the lungs, painful to breathe.
• pleurisy
57. What is the formula for cellular respiration?
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2
•
• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• + ATP
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
58. What is the difference between substrate-level
phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
• See the next slide
2 Ways to Make ATP• Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation• (without a
membrane; it occurs in the cytoplasm or matrix of mitochondrion with help of an enzyme)
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• diffusion of particles through a membrane produces ATP
• -loses e-
59. How is pyruvate “cut and groomed” to enter the Krebs
cycle?• Cut = remove
carbon as carbon dioxide
• Groomed is acetyl group is attached to Coenzyme A
60. Fill in the total number formed in the Krebs cycle for 2
pyruvates:• ATP• NADH• FADH2
• CO2
• 2• 6• 2• 4
61. CONTRAST
• SLOW TWITCH MUSCLES• Thin fibers• Many mitochondrion• Aerobic• Many myoglobin• Dark Meat• Long Distance runs
• FAST TWITCH MUSCLES• Thick fibers• Few Mitochondrion• Anaerobic• Few myoglobin• Light Meat• Sprinters, weight lifting
62. WHAT IS AT EACH AREA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.folds
Intermembrane space
(Fold)
63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is
reduced?
63. In the following equation, what is oxidized and what is
reduced?• ANSWERLose e- and lose H
Gain e- and gain H
LEO goes GER
64. What is OAA?
• Oxaloacetate combines with acetyl group to form citric acid
OAA
65. What causes ATP synthase to produce ATP?
• As the H+ ions that collected in the intermembrane space pass through the ATP synthase, it moves and causes the P to join ADP to form ATP
66.Match the poisons
• Cyanide
• Oligomycin
• DNP
• rotenone
• Blocks ETC to kill insects and fish in ponds-Blocks first protein in ETC
• Blocks fourth protein in ETC; used in Tylenol tampering
• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage
• Quickens metabolic rate-energy all lost as heat
66.Match the poisons
• Cyanide
• Oligomycin
• DNP
• rotenone
ANSWERS• Blocks fourth protein in
ETC; used in Tylenol tampering
• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage
• Quickens metabolic rate-energy all lost as heat
• Blocks first protein in ETC
and Blocks ETC to kill insects and fish in ponds
67. How does pyruvate change in
Alcoholic fermentation• Gives off carbon dioxide• Regenerates NADH to
NAD+• Forms alcohol (ethanol)
Lactic acid fermentation
• Forms lactic acid• DOES NOT FORM
carbon dioxide• Does regenerate NADH
to NAD+
68. How are these different?
Obligate anaerobes• Organisms that require
anaerobic conditions (NO OXYGEN)
Facultative anaerobes
• Organisms that can live in or not live in aerobic conditions
69. What is the smallest rotary motor known?
• ATP synthase
What runs it?• Proton concentration (H+)
gradient from the intermembrane space
• WHAT DOES IT MAKE?• ATP
70. Which process…
• Means “sugar breaking?”
•A. glycolysis
• B. Krebs cycle• C. ETC• D. chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: A
71. What process…
• Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue?
• A. Krebs cycle• B. fermentation• C. glycolysis• D. chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: B
72. See question 64
73. In a redox reaction how do you know if a molecule has been oxidized? Reduced?
• Oxidized = loss of electrons = loss of H+
• Reduced = gain of electrons = gain of H+
74-77 What is at “A” and “C”?
“A” = ETC “C” = ATP Synthase
Where do the H+ ions collect?
H+ ions collect at “B”
H+
H+
H+H+
Where is the Krebs Cycle?
H+
H+
H+H+
“D” has the Krebs Cycle
H+
H+
H+H+
KREBS CYCLE
When electrons are passed in the ETC, what direction does the
energy flow?• Low to high • High to low• Even throughout
• ANSWER: High to low
What is phosphorylation?
• Addition of a phosphate• Addition of a hydrogen• Addition of an oxygen
• ANSWER: Addition of a phosphate• Like ADP + P = ATP• Adding P to glucose to break into pyruvic acid
78. Which is inhalation?
Which is inhalation?
Contract
Vol. increaseRelax
Volume decrease
Which is the diaphragm relaxing?
Which is the diaphragm relaxing?
EXTENDED RESPONSE HINTS
• 1. NAD+ to NADH and back to NAD+• Example: glycolysis, Kreb cycle, ETC• Show when it forms NAD+ to NADH and
then loses them at the ETC (LEO goes GER)
ETC and ATP synthase Team
• 2. H+/e- source from NADH and FADH2
EXTENDED RESPONSEHINTS
• 3. Pulmonary arteries Normal arteries• Carry deoxygenated carry oxygenated
• Pulmonary veins Normal veins• Carry oxygenated carry deoxygenated
• Arteries always away from the heart• Veins always to the heart
LUNGSHeart to body
3
EXTENDED RESPONSE HINTS #4
• Anaerobic respiration Aerobic resp.• Does not requires O2 Requires oxygen
• Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in mitoch.• Only needs enzymes Needs membranes• act as ETC, ATP• synthase• Only makes 2 ATP makes 34 + 2 ATP
Just a bunch more of
•Great questions
Where does it take place?
• 1. cellular respiration• 2. Krebs cycle• 3. lactic acid fermentation• 4. alcoholic fermentation• 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product
CHOICES:• C = cytoplasm• M = mitochondrion• IM = inner membrane• IMS = inter membrane space• MX = matrix
Where does it take place?
• 1. cellular respiration• 2. Krebs cycle• 3. lactic acid fermentation• 4. alcoholic fermentation• 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product
• M• MX
• C• C
• MX
Where does it take place?
• ETC• Glycolysis• Citric acid cycle• NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-)
• H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e-
CHOICES:• C = cytoplasm• M = mitochondrion• IM = inner
membrane• IMS = inter
membrane space• MX = matrix
Where does it take place?
• ETC• Glycolysis• Citric acid cycle• NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-)
• H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e-
• IM• C• MX
• MX to IM
• IMS
What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
ATP to start glycolysis?
ANSWER: 2
Total ATP made from glycolysis to pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 4
What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
Net ATP made from glucose to pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 2
ATP from Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: 2
What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
ATP from ETC and chemiosmosis?
ANSWER: 34
Total ATP from one glucose broken down (glycolysis + Krebs cycle + ETC/chemiosmosis) ?
ANSWER:38
What number?2 3 4 6 34 38
Number of carbons in glucose?
ANSWER: 6
Number of carbons in pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 3
What molecule is it?
• That grooms pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: coenzyme A
What molecule is it?
That is the final (ultimate) electron acceptor?
ANSWER: oxygen
What molecule is it?
That forms when pyruvic acid breaks down in muscles (anaerobically)?
ANSWER: lactic acid
What 2 molecules…
• That form when pyruvic acid breaks down in yeasts (anaerobically)?
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
What molecule is it?
• An electron carrier formed from glycolysis?
• ANSWER:NAD+ to NADH
What molecule is it?
• 2 electron carriers formed in the Krebs cycle?
• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2
What molecule…
• Forms after H+ ions go through ATP synthase?
• ANSWER: ATP
What molecule is it?
• That is formed after H+ ions join with oxygen?
• ANSWER: H2O
What molecule is it?
• That forms as a one-carbon waste product in the Krebs cycle?
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide
What molecule is it?
• That is a 6-carbon molecule that forms temporarily in the Krebs cycle (2-C acetyl CoA and a 4-C compound)?
• ANSWER: citric acid
Which is the form in each that is
filled carrying e-?• NAD+ or NADH?
• FADH2 or FAD?
• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2
As e- go down the ETC, do they do it…?
• Gradually (step by step)• OR• Quickly (all at once)?
• ANSWER: gradually
Pyruvic acid gets “cut and groomed” by what and to go
where?
• ANSWER:• BY Coenzyme A to go into
the Krebs cycle
What is chemiosmosis?
• The diffusion of _____________ from ______ concentration to ___________ concentration across a ________________.
• ANSWER: H+ ions, High to Low, membrane
Where do the H+ ions collect after the NADH and FADH2
dropped them off and they got pulled to here?
• ANSWER:• Intermembrane Space