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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp.
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976
©IAEME Publication
ROOM TEMPERATURES CO
ON EARTH COOLING TUB
WITHOUT STONE
BUILDING CASE STUDY IN YOGYAK
Architecture Department, Islamic University of Indonesia
Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5 Yogyakarta 55584,
ABSTRACT
The research objective is to
with rock exposure and non
Yogyakarta. Allegations on
earth with exposed stone
cavity in the rock exposure
to become less comfortable.
technology of earth cold
comfortable space. The research method uses basic Earth Cooling Tubes by
the drain tube from outdoor air
to the office as the place of research. Air measurements performed on
area, and the room air tube in the
room temperature with cold energy media
with cold energy media and n
of earth cold energy utilization with non
comfortable room temperature compared with similar media
research is also able to reduce the
Keywords: Room temperature, Earth cooling tubes, Stones exposure, Yogyakarta
Cite this Article: Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes
with and Without Stone Exposure: Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
2018, pp. 1296–1307.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
IJCIET/index.asp 1296 [email protected]
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2018, pp.1296–1307, Article ID: IJCIET_09_13_13
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
Scopus Indexed
ROOM TEMPERATURES COMPARISON BASED
ON EARTH COOLING TUBES WITH AND
WITHOUT STONE EXPOSURE: OFFICE
CASE STUDY IN YOGYAK
INDONESIA
Suparwoko
Architecture Department, Islamic University of Indonesia
Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5 Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
The research objective is to do a comparison of cold energy utilization of earth
with rock exposure and non-exposure of rocks in the office building
Yogyakarta. Allegations on the previous research that the use of cold energy of the
stone experience air leaks in the duct air tube through an air
cavity in the rock exposure that leads to the air entering the officebuilding
less comfortable. The artificial vent system in this study us
cold energy and the rocks which will be able to provide
space. The research method uses basic Earth Cooling Tubes by
drain tube from outdoor air one meter the ground and then forwarded
place of research. Air measurements performed on
room air tube in the ground and the office. The researcher
temperature with cold energy media and exposed rock andthe room temperature
and non-exposed. The results indicate that the physical model
of earth cold energy utilization with non-exposed rocks capable of providing
room temperature compared with similar media with expos
research is also able to reduce the use of stone material and ventilator features.
Room temperature, Earth cooling tubes, Stones exposure, Yogyakarta
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes
with and Without Stone Exposure: Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
IJCIET_09_13_133
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
MPARISON BASED
ES WITH AND
EXPOSURE: OFFICE
CASE STUDY IN YOGYAKARTA,
Architecture Department, Islamic University of Indonesia,
a comparison of cold energy utilization of earth
building in Sleman,
that the use of cold energy of the
ks in the duct air tube through an air
buildingin the media
system in this study used a simpler
will be able to provide
space. The research method uses basic Earth Cooling Tubes by planting
forwarded using a duct
place of research. Air measurements performed on the outside
The researchercompared the
room temperature
that the physical model
exposed rocks capable of providing amore
exposedrocks. This
features.
Room temperature, Earth cooling tubes, Stones exposure, Yogyakarta.
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes
with and Without Stone Exposure: Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(13),
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
Suparwoko
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1297 [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Global warming is a phenomenon of the increasing average temperature of the atmosphere. In
this regard, the globe's surface temperature has risen in average about 2.0 degrees Fahrenheit
(1.1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon
dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere[1]. As one of the causes of
thisphenomenon is the use of electronic tools such as refrigeratorsand air conditioners which
produces chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), that contains and concentrating the gases that can
damage the ozone layer in the atmosphere. So it can cause a domino effect to earth, in which
earth will be completely destroyed if the ozone layers damaged relentlessly[2]–[4]. Therefore,
eco-friendly energy uses are crucial for our planet in the near future.
Environmental and technology issues are closely related and inseparable, in attempts to
manipulate nature with technologies that are environmentally friendly such as an air
conditioning system with the Underground Cooling Tubes, which have not been widely used
by the people of Indonesia. Indonesian society prefers much the use of air conditioning as a
cooler for the space that they need. Set against the back of the description mentioned above,
the comparative study of media use of earth cold energy with stone exposure and non-
exposure needs to be done.
The research objective is to compare the room temperature based on the utilization of the
earth cooling tubes with stones exposure and without stones exposure in an office building in
Sleman, Yogyakarta as the case of study. Based on these models, a comparative analysis can
be done with the room temperature that experienced by the office occupants to get a better
choice between two experiments.
2. EART COOLING TUBES REVIEW
Most recent studies concerning on earth cooling tubes (ECT) had not been conducted in
Indonesia (Table 1). Therefore, this ECT research was crucial to respond the demanding on
cheap renewable energy and reduction of electrical energy consumption of traditional air
conditioning systems [5] for sustainability and livable future for the next generations.Table 1
shows that those studies are having more complex research aspect and variables, such as
parameters on thermal performance including air velocity, pipe length, pipe diameter, pipe
material, and pipe depth[6].
Table 1 Recent Studies Concerning on Earth Cooling Tubes
Location and
Source
Issue Aspect and Variable
Texas [7] Potential cooling savings from a
ground-coupled return-air duct
system for residential buildings
in hot and humid climates
• earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE)
• potential cooling energy savings
• utilizes ground temperature patterns to improve
cooling energy use
• varying the pipe length, buried pipe depth, and
airflow velocity.
Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil [8]
Numerical investigation about
the improvement of the thermal
potential of an Earth-Air Heat
Exchanger (EAHE)
• Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE)
• fluid mechanics and heat transfer
• Constructal Design
• optimal geometries
• highest thermal potential.
Rockhampton,
Australia[6]
Parametric study on thermal
performance of horizontal earth
pipe cooling system in summer
• earth pipe cooling technique
• parameters on thermal performance
• air velocity, pipe length, pipe diameter, pipe
material, and pipe depth
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes with and Without Stone Exposure:
Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1298 [email protected]
Location and
Source
Issue Aspect and Variable
Ardar, Algeria [9] Improvement of the summer
cooling induced by an earth-to-
air heat exchanger integrated in
a residential building under hot
and arid climate
• cooling effectiveness of the Earth-to-Air Heat
Exchanger systems
• technique of Complex Finite Fourier Transform
• effective and economic solution for the light
buildings
Napoli, Italy [5] Energy conservation and
renewable technologies for
buildings to face the impact of
the climate change and minimize
the use of cooling
• renewable technologies for the passive cooling
of buildings& renewable energy on-site
• use of efficient HVAC systems
• strategies for reducing the building cooling
• potentialities and criticalities technologies in
the design.
Yogyakarta,
Indonesia [10]
Model Pemanfaatan Energy
Dingin Bumi dan Batu untuk
Pengkondisian Ruang Bangunan
Kantor di Sleman, Yogyakarta
• a renewable technology for semi-passive
cooling for office buildings.
• using fans for the air inlet and the air outlet
• underground cooling tubes covered with stones
However, a simple method with limited parameters to begin research on earth cooling
tubes due to earth-air temperature exchanger is important and valuable action in Indonesia.
The experimental research model of earth cooling tubes based on the use of cold energy of
earth dept and rocks was conducted in Yogyakarta Indonesia [10]. However, the author
believed that the research could be explored more due to material and features
reduction.Therefore, efficiency is crucial for future experimental research concerning earth
cooling tube in Indonesia.
The study of thermal efficiency on underground tubes was implemented in an industrial
building in a typical tropical climate in the town of Armenia, Colombia as an exploration of
potential of passivetechniques to provide comfortable conditions for workers whilst reducing
energy consumption [11].Conditioning room system with Earth Cooling Tubes (ECT) is a
finding inventilation space systems by using natural energy that is used as an environmentally
friendly ventilation space [12], [13].
Fig. 1. Freshcoolair in summer,intake through the rockstoreModified from [14]
Suparwoko
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1299 [email protected]
Fig. 2. Earth cooling tube using the earth temperature Slightly modified from [15]
Conditioning room with ECT system using the earth temperature is to reduce the
temperature of the air. ECT technology draws air directly from the outside of the building,
then channel it directly through pipes buried underground, connected to any room that needs
air conditioning (Fig. 1 & Fig. 2).This system still needs further research because the planted
pipes need a long cycle whichrequires a large area [16], [17]. At this stage, an alternative
model of the ECT existing systems used soil media and natural rocks to lower the temperature
of air and shorten the process cycles needed. However, there are no ranges information of A,
B, N, O, and P. Therefore, setting on those informationis crucial.
Human thermal comfort is a combination of a subjective sensation (how people feel) and
several objectiveinteractions with the environment (heat and mass transfer rates)
circumstances[18][19]. While the thermal comfort is thermalcondition perceived by humans,
not objects, animals and architecture, but is conditioned or caused by the environment and
objects around the architecture. According to ASHRAE [20]and Susanti and Aulia[21],
thermal comfort is the feeling when someone is comfortable with the state of the ambient
temperature. It can be concluded, thermal comfort gained from what someone felt
individually to the air around the subject.
In addition, a person cannot be the object of measurement standards of thermal comfort,
because everyone has different thermal comfort[22].Therefore, a range of thermal comfort is
crucial to respond that issue as a comfort limitation. Comfort limit to condition the equator is
in the range of temperatures between 22,5ºC - 29ºC with humidity 20-50%. To obtain these
values, measurement considering the heat radiation, air temperature, air humidity, and air
velocity. From the results of these measurements produce an effective temperature [23].
The variation in temperature over a year at different depths (0, 2, 5 and 6 meters)show that
the temperature fluctuation decreases with increasing the depth [24], [25]. A different study
presents that the various annual temperature of the ground at a depth of 3m is between 15 to
25°C andat a depth of 25m is trivial withthe temperature remains constant at about 22°C[26].
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes with and Without Stone Exposure:
Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1300 [email protected]
The Hierarchy Building Space Conditioning [27], [28] is including:
• a. Passive design to minimize unwanted heat gain and heat manage - for example by using
buildings orientation, shading, a well-insulated envelope,andairtight building, high levels of
thermal mass and energy-saving lamps and appliances.
• b. Passive / natural cooling - using outdoor air to ventilate and cool buildings without the use
of electrical systems, for an example by maximizing cross ventilation, passive ventilation
stacks, night-time cooling and / or ground plus passive cooling.
• c. Cooling Mode Mixed: with local mechanical ventilation / cooling provided where necessary
to complete the steps above using (in order of preference):
• Low energy mechanical cooling (such as ventilation fan powered with / without cooling
evaporative or ground plus cooling)
• AC or Air Conditioning (not the preferred approach because these systems are energy
intensive).
• The ventilation system with Full Mechanical / refrigeration mechanics uses: 1) Low energy
mechanical cooling, and 2) air conditioner or conditioning of Space.
Efforts to meet the technology needs in the comfort of activities in the building and the
realization of new products that are environmentally friendly is the benchmark of the concept
of the proposed research. The rapid advancement of science and technology to encourage
people to continue to innovate and meet human needs, while maintaining the earth's
ecosystems and not destroying it[29][10][30]. The new findings of Non-Freon building
cooling systems and low power usage products will be more environmentally friendly. This
needs a lot of support and development of public interest to switch to more friendly
technologies and systems to earth’s environment. Development as well as research conducted
in order to find the standard and patents to use the findings of this cooling system, help reduce
the need of energy-intensiveelectric air conditioning which worsens the effect of global
warming. Therefore, this research effort was crucial to be made which can be appliedto
environmentally friendly technologies, and still maintain the quality to meet the community
needs concerning energy saving. By conducting new findings, and research with ECT system
development need the support and recognition of the wider community, nationally and
internationally, to preserve the earth and human. To support the crucial concept, the
experimental research concerning on Cooling Earth Tubes is urgent.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD
The construction work and process of the Earth Cooling Tubes installation was in the office
building of PT. Arci Link Consultant (Fig. 3). Experimental research is research conducted on
variables whose data do not yet exist, so that the process of manipulation needs to be carried
out through the provision of specific treatment for the research subject which is observed or
measured the impact of the data finding[31][32].
Suparwoko
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1301 [email protected]
Fig. 3. Construction Work of the Earth Cooling Tubes at the PT.Arci Link Consultant Office as the
Research Spot at the PertokoanAsem Gede Blok B No. 4 Jl.Asem Gede, Condong
Catur,Depok,Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The experimental approach was conducted because the experimental method was a
crucialresearch method where people can really test the hypothesis concerning on the
relationships of cause-and-effect[33][34]. Therefore, the comparison of cold energy utilization
of earth with rock exposure and non-exposure of rocks was challenging due to the
comfortability of the experimental office room. Fig. 3 also shows that 3 inch Pipe1, Pipe2,
Pipe3 as the media to record temperature measurements were madeto channel the space ofthe
soil chamber tubes. The instrument used for the temperature measurement was the K Type
Digital LCD Thermometer.
Fig. 4. The Different Method between Previous Research and the Comparative Experiment
OnFig. 4, it can be seen that the previous research experiment was using two fans for the
air inlet and also it used two fans for the air outlet running the office room. Fig. 4 also shows
that both of the first experiment and the second experiment were only using two fans for each
model.
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes with and Without Stone Exposure:
Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1302 [email protected]
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 5 is the diagram of the earthcooling tubes withstone-exposure and with no fan for the air
inlet. The air running to the office room from outside is drawn by the two fans installed on the
air outlet of the earth cooling system. The depth of the air tunnel was one meter, and it was
decided due to the unclear distance A (Fig. 1) and N (Fig. 2) which are between the land
surface and the tunnel. The decision of the exposed stones covered the tunnel was made due
to the placement of stones store on the earth surface. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show that Pipe1, Pipe2,
Pipe3, and Pipe4 as the media to record temperature measurements were madeto channel the
space of the soil chamber tubes (Underground Cooling Tubes).
Fig.5. Earth Cooling with Stone-Exposure with no Fan for the Air Inlet Slightly modified from [10]
Fig.6. Earth Cooling Without Stone-Exposure with no Fan for the Air Inlet Slightly modified from
[10]
On the first and second model experiments, measurements were performedin cold earth as
a median with Expose rocks (Fig. 5) and Non-Exposed rocks (Fig. 6) supported by two fans to
speed up the outlet air flow coming to the room office as the research target experiment.
Suparwoko
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1303 [email protected]
These two fans installed to draw the outside air running to the underground cooling tubes, and
then the air flowing into office building.
The results of measurements in the morning (hours 8:00 to 9:00), midday (12:00 to
13:00), afternoon (15:00 to 16:00) showed lower temperatures on the pipe3 than the
temperature from outdoor space. Thisindicates that the ambient temperature in the ground was
lower than the temperature outside the office room. In this regard, the lower temperatures of
the ground could be used tocool the office room (the PT. Arci Link Consultant) as the case of
study. The average temperature was taken during the measurement day in the morning,
afternoon, and evening on several days in February, March, and April 2016 (Fig. 6).
On the first experiment of the Earth Cooling with Stone-Exposure, the results of manual
measurement on media space with the existence of the outside office temperature, soil
temperature, and the office room can be seenin Fig. 7. On the second experiment model (Fig.
8), the measurement results showed the office space temperature was relatively almost the
same to the outside air temperature or the terrace space, where the average office temperature
was about 30.27 degree to 30.43 degree, while in the outside office and the terrace the average
temperature was 31.03 degree. The air temperature of the earth tubeswith a depth of 1 meter
with stones exposure was about 31 degrees Celcius (Fig.7).
It could be concluded that the use ofunderground soil temperature as a medium for earth
cooling tube still could not provide a minimal comfort based on the standard of comfort
temperature from 22.5 to 29 degree [23]. In this aspect, the office staff wouldnot feel
comfortable of the office building temperature based on the earth cooling tubes with stones
exposure. This happens because the cooling air inside the earth tubes was leaking out through
spaces between stones exposure covering the earth tubes.
Fig.7. OfficeRoom Temperature with Average 31 degreeCelcius based on the Earth Cooling Tubes
with Stone-Exposure
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes with and Without Stone Exposure:
Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Fig.8. Space Temperature with average 29-degree Celcius based on the Earth Cooling Tubeswithout
Stone-Exposure
The manual measurement resultsin media with earth cold energy and rocks can be
seeninFig. 8. The results of measurements in the morning (hours 8:00 to 9:00), midday (12:00
to 13:00), afternoon (15:00 to 16:00) on the pipes or the figures show a lower temperature
than the temperature of outdoor space. Thisindicates that the ambient temperature in the
ground is lower than the temperature outside the room. The lower temperatures will be used
for cooling the space of research (the PT Arci Link Consultant). The averagetemperature was
takenfrom the average number of measurement days results in the morning, afternoon and
evening on several days in June 2016. Fig. 6 shows the temperaturemeasurements with the
Office of Media Underground Cooling Tubes with Non-Exposed rocks.
The measurement results as seen in Fig. 7, can be obtained the following information:
• The average temperature of the larger outer space (30.3 degrees) than the temperature in the
office (29 degrees).
• The temperature in the office (29 degrees) is higher than the underground pipe space
(underground cooling tubes) which has an average temperature of around 27 degrees.
• The office residents felt that the office room (with the cooling earth tubes) was comfortable.
The results of the interview dated August 12, 2016, three of PT. ALC staff feltthat cold
energy media space with earth with the stone non-exposed more comfortable compared with
the same media ofthe stones exposure (Fig. 9).These conditions attracter searchers to conduct
further experiments with a minimum depth of 3 meters of air tubes for the air temperature to
have a stable temperature due to the annual temperature variation of the earth at a depth of 3m
is between 15 to 25°C [26]. There is a possibility to havestronger air flow and space for
leveling room temperature with risk in greater use of electricity for the fan driving air
underground tube leading to the planned space.
Suparwoko
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1305 [email protected]
Fig.9. Office Space with Natural Air Conditioning based on the Earth Cooling Tubes
To blow the air from the earth cooling tubes to the office building is using two fans with
45 watts power each of electricity (Fig. 9). However, to reach a comfortable office space by
using a spilt air conditioning (AC), it will consume at least 340 watts of electricity for each
split AC [35]. Therefore, it could be predicted that by using the earth cooling tube system
would be lower energy uses of electricity compared with those by using split air conditioning.
It could be inferred that researchers from worldwide (e.g., USA, Brazil, Algeria, and
Australia) approved that earth cooling tubes were helpful for the future to improve indoor air
quality based on the environmental approach to explore the earth's temperature based on the
earth-air heat exchanger [6] [7] [8][9]. Therefore, the researcher wonders, will architecture
have an effect in the building, interior, and landscape design. For example, the underground
space for cooling tubes could be installed underneath the area of outdoor, indoor, and
terrace. Accordingly, the placement of indoor air outlet of the air cooling tubes system will it
reallyhave an effect to the outdoor, terrace space, and interior design. In this case, the research
concludes this will be appropriate to build mass housing and small business offices in
Indonesia due to the ability of the Earth Cooling Tubes without Stone-Exposure could make
the room office temperature 29 degree as the upper scale of the comfort limit [23].
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The research model of the Earth Cooling Tubes in PT. ALC was concernedwith the Cooling Mode
Mixed hierarchy [27], [28]. The research shows that the PT. ALC office room temperature using earth
cold energy media facilities with Non-Exposed rocks can be able to providea comfort level witha
maximum temperature of 29 degrees in average in the daytime. The maximum ambient temperature of
29 degrees had been able to provide comfort for the office building as a place to work than room
temperature without the earth cooling tubes that had an average temperature of 31 degrees during the
daytime. However, this research is able to reduce using stone material and the number of fans as
feature variables.
The research of the earth cooling tubes in Yogyakarta could be a pioneer of the study focusing on
Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) in Indonesia. This was included in the potential cooling energy
savings [6], [36] and renewable energy on-site [5] and also it was important for landed mass housing
development and small business offices in Indonesia in the near future due to lower usage of electrical
power rather than the using split AC.
Further crucial research needs to be done with the same media in different room types, but the
depth of the air tubes in the ground a minimum of three meters and supported by field installation of
the underground coolingtubes to have a cooler and stable temperature in supplying the air conditioning
to the future proposed experimental space.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is the result of the activities financed by the Ministry of Research and Technology of
Higher Education through the National Strategy scheme in 2015 and 2016. The author says greatly
Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes with and Without Stone Exposure:
Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1306 [email protected]
love for Research and Technology Ministry of Higher Education that has funded the research of
National Strategy for two years. Thanks also go to the DPPM UII and the FTSP UII who have
supported the researcher with the awesome management. The research partner on the previous
research [10] was to set up the blogger tool to measure the temperature automatically. However, this
paper was fully based on the ECT measurement manually done by the author.
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