ROOM TEMPERATURES CO MPARISON BASED ON EARTH...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp.

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

©IAEME Publication

ROOM TEMPERATURES CO

ON EARTH COOLING TUB

WITHOUT STONE

BUILDING CASE STUDY IN YOGYAK

Architecture Department, Islamic University of Indonesia

Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5 Yogyakarta 55584,

ABSTRACT

The research objective is to

with rock exposure and non

Yogyakarta. Allegations on

earth with exposed stone

cavity in the rock exposure

to become less comfortable.

technology of earth cold

comfortable space. The research method uses basic Earth Cooling Tubes by

the drain tube from outdoor air

to the office as the place of research. Air measurements performed on

area, and the room air tube in the

room temperature with cold energy media

with cold energy media and n

of earth cold energy utilization with non

comfortable room temperature compared with similar media

research is also able to reduce the

Keywords: Room temperature, Earth cooling tubes, Stones exposure, Yogyakarta

Cite this Article: Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes

with and Without Stone Exposure: Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta,

Indonesia, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

2018, pp. 1296–1307.

http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13

IJCIET/index.asp 1296 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2018, pp.1296–1307, Article ID: IJCIET_09_13_13


6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

Scopus Indexed

ROOM TEMPERATURES COMPARISON BASED

ON EARTH COOLING TUBES WITH AND

WITHOUT STONE EXPOSURE: OFFICE

CASE STUDY IN YOGYAK

INDONESIA

Suparwoko

Architecture Department, Islamic University of Indonesia

Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5 Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia

The research objective is to do a comparison of cold energy utilization of earth

with rock exposure and non-exposure of rocks in the office building

Yogyakarta. Allegations on the previous research that the use of cold energy of the

stone experience air leaks in the duct air tube through an air

cavity in the rock exposure that leads to the air entering the officebuilding

less comfortable. The artificial vent system in this study us

cold energy and the rocks which will be able to provide

space. The research method uses basic Earth Cooling Tubes by

drain tube from outdoor air one meter the ground and then forwarded

place of research. Air measurements performed on

room air tube in the ground and the office. The researcher

temperature with cold energy media and exposed rock andthe room temperature

and non-exposed. The results indicate that the physical model

of earth cold energy utilization with non-exposed rocks capable of providing

room temperature compared with similar media with expos

research is also able to reduce the use of stone material and ventilator features.

Room temperature, Earth cooling tubes, Stones exposure, Yogyakarta

Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes


International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)


[email protected]

IJCIET_09_13_133


MPARISON BASED

ES WITH AND

EXPOSURE: OFFICE

CASE STUDY IN YOGYAKARTA,

Architecture Department, Islamic University of Indonesia,

a comparison of cold energy utilization of earth

building in Sleman,

that the use of cold energy of the

ks in the duct air tube through an air

buildingin the media

system in this study used a simpler

will be able to provide

space. The research method uses basic Earth Cooling Tubes by planting

forwarded using a duct

place of research. Air measurements performed on the outside

The researchercompared the

room temperature

that the physical model

exposed rocks capable of providing amore

exposedrocks. This

features.

Room temperature, Earth cooling tubes, Stones exposure, Yogyakarta.

Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes


International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(13),


Suparwoko

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1297 [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION

Global warming is a phenomenon of the increasing average temperature of the atmosphere. In

this regard, the globe's surface temperature has risen in average about 2.0 degrees Fahrenheit

(1.1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon

dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere[1]. As one of the causes of

thisphenomenon is the use of electronic tools such as refrigeratorsand air conditioners which

produces chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), that contains and concentrating the gases that can

damage the ozone layer in the atmosphere. So it can cause a domino effect to earth, in which

earth will be completely destroyed if the ozone layers damaged relentlessly[2]–[4]. Therefore,

eco-friendly energy uses are crucial for our planet in the near future.

Environmental and technology issues are closely related and inseparable, in attempts to

manipulate nature with technologies that are environmentally friendly such as an air

conditioning system with the Underground Cooling Tubes, which have not been widely used

by the people of Indonesia. Indonesian society prefers much the use of air conditioning as a

cooler for the space that they need. Set against the back of the description mentioned above,

the comparative study of media use of earth cold energy with stone exposure and non-

exposure needs to be done.

The research objective is to compare the room temperature based on the utilization of the

earth cooling tubes with stones exposure and without stones exposure in an office building in

Sleman, Yogyakarta as the case of study. Based on these models, a comparative analysis can

be done with the room temperature that experienced by the office occupants to get a better

choice between two experiments.

2. EART COOLING TUBES REVIEW

Most recent studies concerning on earth cooling tubes (ECT) had not been conducted in

Indonesia (Table 1). Therefore, this ECT research was crucial to respond the demanding on

cheap renewable energy and reduction of electrical energy consumption of traditional air

conditioning systems [5] for sustainability and livable future for the next generations.Table 1

shows that those studies are having more complex research aspect and variables, such as

parameters on thermal performance including air velocity, pipe length, pipe diameter, pipe

material, and pipe depth[6].

Table 1 Recent Studies Concerning on Earth Cooling Tubes

Location and

Source

Issue Aspect and Variable

Texas [7] Potential cooling savings from a

ground-coupled return-air duct

system for residential buildings

in hot and humid climates

• earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE)

• potential cooling energy savings

• utilizes ground temperature patterns to improve

cooling energy use

• varying the pipe length, buried pipe depth, and

airflow velocity.

Rio Grande do Sul,

Brazil [8]

Numerical investigation about

the improvement of the thermal

potential of an Earth-Air Heat

Exchanger (EAHE)

• Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE)

• fluid mechanics and heat transfer

• Constructal Design

• optimal geometries

• highest thermal potential.

Rockhampton,

Australia[6]

Parametric study on thermal

performance of horizontal earth

pipe cooling system in summer

• earth pipe cooling technique

• parameters on thermal performance

• air velocity, pipe length, pipe diameter, pipe

material, and pipe depth

Room Temperatures Comparison Based On Earth Cooling Tubes with and Without Stone Exposure:

Office Building Case Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia


Location and

Source

Issue Aspect and Variable

Ardar, Algeria [9] Improvement of the summer

cooling induced by an earth-to-

air heat exchanger integrated in

a residential building under hot

and arid climate

• cooling effectiveness of the Earth-to-Air Heat

Exchanger systems

• technique of Complex Finite Fourier Transform

• effective and economic solution for the light

buildings

Napoli, Italy [5] Energy conservation and

renewable technologies for

buildings to face the impact of

the climate change and minimize

the use of cooling

• renewable technologies for the passive cooling

of buildings& renewable energy on-site

• use of efficient HVAC systems

• strategies for reducing the building cooling

• potentialities and criticalities technologies in

the design.

Yogyakarta,

Indonesia [10]

Model Pemanfaatan Energy

Dingin Bumi dan Batu untuk

Pengkondisian Ruang Bangunan

Kantor di Sleman, Yogyakarta

• a renewable technology for semi-passive

cooling for office buildings.

• using fans for the air inlet and the air outlet

• underground cooling tubes covered with stones

However, a simple method with limited parameters to begin research on earth cooling

tubes due to earth-air temperature exchanger is important and valuable action in Indonesia.

The experimental research model of earth cooling tubes based on the use of cold energy of

earth dept and rocks was conducted in Yogyakarta Indonesia [10]. However, the author

believed that the research could be explored more due to material and features

reduction.Therefore, efficiency is crucial for future experimental research concerning earth

cooling tube in Indonesia.

The study of thermal efficiency on underground tubes was implemented in an industrial

building in a typical tropical climate in the town of Armenia, Colombia as an exploration of

potential of passivetechniques to provide comfortable conditions for workers whilst reducing

energy consumption [11].Conditioning room system with Earth Cooling Tubes (ECT) is a

finding inventilation space systems by using natural energy that is used as an environmentally

friendly ventilation space [12], [13].

Fig. 1. Freshcoolair in summer,intake through the rockstoreModified from [14]

Suparwoko


Fig. 2. Earth cooling tube using the earth temperature Slightly modified from [15]

Conditioning room with ECT system using the earth temperature is to reduce the

temperature of the air. ECT technology draws air directly from the outside of the building,

then channel it directly through pipes buried underground, connected to any room that needs

air conditioning (Fig. 1 & Fig. 2).This system still needs further research because the planted

pipes need a long cycle whichrequires a large area [16], [17]. At this stage, an alternative

model of the ECT existing systems used soil media and natural rocks to lower the temperature

of air and shorten the process cycles needed. However, there are no ranges information of A,

B, N, O, and P. Therefore, setting on those informationis crucial.

Human thermal comfort is a combination of a subjective sensation (how people feel) and

several objectiveinteractions with the environment (heat and mass transfer rates)

circumstances[18][19]. While the thermal comfort is thermalcondition perceived by humans,

not objects, animals and architecture, but is conditioned or caused by the environment and

objects around the architecture. According to ASHRAE [20]and Susanti and Aulia[21],

thermal comfort is the feeling when someone is comfortable with the state of the ambient

temperature. It can be concluded, thermal comfort gained from what someone felt

individually to the air around the subject.

In addition, a person cannot be the object of measurement standards of thermal comfort,

because everyone has different thermal comfort[22].Therefore, a range of thermal comfort is

crucial to respond that issue as a comfort limitation. Comfort limit to condition the equator is

in the range of temperatures between 22,5ºC - 29ºC with humidity 20-50%. To obtain these

values, measurement considering the heat radiation, air temperature, air humidity, and air

velocity. From the results of these measurements produce an effective temperature [23].

The variation in temperature over a year at different depths (0, 2, 5 and 6 meters)show that

the temperature fluctuation decreases with increasing the depth [24], [25]. A different study

presents that the various annual temperature of the ground at a depth of 3m is between 15 to

25°C andat a depth of 25m is trivial withthe temperature remains constant at about 22°C[26].




The Hierarchy Building Space Conditioning [27], [28] is including:

• a. Passive design to minimize unwanted heat gain and heat manage - for example by using

buildings orientation, shading, a well-insulated envelope,andairtight building, high levels of

thermal mass and energy-saving lamps and appliances.

• b. Passive / natural cooling - using outdoor air to ventilate and cool buildings without the use

of electrical systems, for an example by maximizing cross ventilation, passive ventilation

stacks, night-time cooling and / or ground plus passive cooling.

• c. Cooling Mode Mixed: with local mechanical ventilation / cooling provided where necessary

to complete the steps above using (in order of preference):

• Low energy mechanical cooling (such as ventilation fan powered with / without cooling

evaporative or ground plus cooling)

• AC or Air Conditioning (not the preferred approach because these systems are energy

intensive).

• The ventilation system with Full Mechanical / refrigeration mechanics uses: 1) Low energy

mechanical cooling, and 2) air conditioner or conditioning of Space.

Efforts to meet the technology needs in the comfort of activities in the building and the

realization of new products that are environmentally friendly is the benchmark of the concept

of the proposed research. The rapid advancement of science and technology to encourage

people to continue to innovate and meet human needs, while maintaining the earth's

ecosystems and not destroying it[29][10][30]. The new findings of Non-Freon building

cooling systems and low power usage products will be more environmentally friendly. This

needs a lot of support and development of public interest to switch to more friendly

technologies and systems to earth’s environment. Development as well as research conducted

in order to find the standard and patents to use the findings of this cooling system, help reduce

the need of energy-intensiveelectric air conditioning which worsens the effect of global

warming. Therefore, this research effort was crucial to be made which can be appliedto

environmentally friendly technologies, and still maintain the quality to meet the community

needs concerning energy saving. By conducting new findings, and research with ECT system

development need the support and recognition of the wider community, nationally and

internationally, to preserve the earth and human. To support the crucial concept, the

experimental research concerning on Cooling Earth Tubes is urgent.

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD

The construction work and process of the Earth Cooling Tubes installation was in the office

building of PT. Arci Link Consultant (Fig. 3). Experimental research is research conducted on

variables whose data do not yet exist, so that the process of manipulation needs to be carried

out through the provision of specific treatment for the research subject which is observed or

measured the impact of the data finding[31][32].

Suparwoko


Fig. 3. Construction Work of the Earth Cooling Tubes at the PT.Arci Link Consultant Office as the

Research Spot at the PertokoanAsem Gede Blok B No. 4 Jl.Asem Gede, Condong

Catur,Depok,Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The experimental approach was conducted because the experimental method was a

crucialresearch method where people can really test the hypothesis concerning on the

relationships of cause-and-effect[33][34]. Therefore, the comparison of cold energy utilization

of earth with rock exposure and non-exposure of rocks was challenging due to the

comfortability of the experimental office room. Fig. 3 also shows that 3 inch Pipe1, Pipe2,

Pipe3 as the media to record temperature measurements were madeto channel the space ofthe

soil chamber tubes. The instrument used for the temperature measurement was the K Type

Digital LCD Thermometer.

Fig. 4. The Different Method between Previous Research and the Comparative Experiment

OnFig. 4, it can be seen that the previous research experiment was using two fans for the

air inlet and also it used two fans for the air outlet running the office room. Fig. 4 also shows

that both of the first experiment and the second experiment were only using two fans for each

model.




4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 5 is the diagram of the earthcooling tubes withstone-exposure and with no fan for the air

inlet. The air running to the office room from outside is drawn by the two fans installed on the

air outlet of the earth cooling system. The depth of the air tunnel was one meter, and it was

decided due to the unclear distance A (Fig. 1) and N (Fig. 2) which are between the land

surface and the tunnel. The decision of the exposed stones covered the tunnel was made due

to the placement of stones store on the earth surface. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show that Pipe1, Pipe2,

Pipe3, and Pipe4 as the media to record temperature measurements were madeto channel the

space of the soil chamber tubes (Underground Cooling Tubes).

Fig.5. Earth Cooling with Stone-Exposure with no Fan for the Air Inlet Slightly modified from [10]

Fig.6. Earth Cooling Without Stone-Exposure with no Fan for the Air Inlet Slightly modified from

[10]

On the first and second model experiments, measurements were performedin cold earth as

a median with Expose rocks (Fig. 5) and Non-Exposed rocks (Fig. 6) supported by two fans to

speed up the outlet air flow coming to the room office as the research target experiment.

Suparwoko


These two fans installed to draw the outside air running to the underground cooling tubes, and

then the air flowing into office building.

The results of measurements in the morning (hours 8:00 to 9:00), midday (12:00 to

13:00), afternoon (15:00 to 16:00) showed lower temperatures on the pipe3 than the

temperature from outdoor space. Thisindicates that the ambient temperature in the ground was

lower than the temperature outside the office room. In this regard, the lower temperatures of

the ground could be used tocool the office room (the PT. Arci Link Consultant) as the case of

study. The average temperature was taken during the measurement day in the morning,

afternoon, and evening on several days in February, March, and April 2016 (Fig. 6).

On the first experiment of the Earth Cooling with Stone-Exposure, the results of manual

measurement on media space with the existence of the outside office temperature, soil

temperature, and the office room can be seenin Fig. 7. On the second experiment model (Fig.

8), the measurement results showed the office space temperature was relatively almost the

same to the outside air temperature or the terrace space, where the average office temperature

was about 30.27 degree to 30.43 degree, while in the outside office and the terrace the average

temperature was 31.03 degree. The air temperature of the earth tubeswith a depth of 1 meter

with stones exposure was about 31 degrees Celcius (Fig.7).

It could be concluded that the use ofunderground soil temperature as a medium for earth

cooling tube still could not provide a minimal comfort based on the standard of comfort

temperature from 22.5 to 29 degree [23]. In this aspect, the office staff wouldnot feel

comfortable of the office building temperature based on the earth cooling tubes with stones

exposure. This happens because the cooling air inside the earth tubes was leaking out through

spaces between stones exposure covering the earth tubes.

Fig.7. OfficeRoom Temperature with Average 31 degreeCelcius based on the Earth Cooling Tubes

with Stone-Exposure




Fig.8. Space Temperature with average 29-degree Celcius based on the Earth Cooling Tubeswithout

Stone-Exposure

The manual measurement resultsin media with earth cold energy and rocks can be

seeninFig. 8. The results of measurements in the morning (hours 8:00 to 9:00), midday (12:00

to 13:00), afternoon (15:00 to 16:00) on the pipes or the figures show a lower temperature

than the temperature of outdoor space. Thisindicates that the ambient temperature in the

ground is lower than the temperature outside the room. The lower temperatures will be used

for cooling the space of research (the PT Arci Link Consultant). The averagetemperature was

takenfrom the average number of measurement days results in the morning, afternoon and

evening on several days in June 2016. Fig. 6 shows the temperaturemeasurements with the

Office of Media Underground Cooling Tubes with Non-Exposed rocks.

The measurement results as seen in Fig. 7, can be obtained the following information:

• The average temperature of the larger outer space (30.3 degrees) than the temperature in the

office (29 degrees).

• The temperature in the office (29 degrees) is higher than the underground pipe space

(underground cooling tubes) which has an average temperature of around 27 degrees.

• The office residents felt that the office room (with the cooling earth tubes) was comfortable.

The results of the interview dated August 12, 2016, three of PT. ALC staff feltthat cold

energy media space with earth with the stone non-exposed more comfortable compared with

the same media ofthe stones exposure (Fig. 9).These conditions attracter searchers to conduct

further experiments with a minimum depth of 3 meters of air tubes for the air temperature to

have a stable temperature due to the annual temperature variation of the earth at a depth of 3m

is between 15 to 25°C [26]. There is a possibility to havestronger air flow and space for

leveling room temperature with risk in greater use of electricity for the fan driving air

underground tube leading to the planned space.

Suparwoko


Fig.9. Office Space with Natural Air Conditioning based on the Earth Cooling Tubes

To blow the air from the earth cooling tubes to the office building is using two fans with

45 watts power each of electricity (Fig. 9). However, to reach a comfortable office space by

using a spilt air conditioning (AC), it will consume at least 340 watts of electricity for each

split AC [35]. Therefore, it could be predicted that by using the earth cooling tube system

would be lower energy uses of electricity compared with those by using split air conditioning.

It could be inferred that researchers from worldwide (e.g., USA, Brazil, Algeria, and

Australia) approved that earth cooling tubes were helpful for the future to improve indoor air

quality based on the environmental approach to explore the earth's temperature based on the

earth-air heat exchanger [6] [7] [8][9]. Therefore, the researcher wonders, will architecture

have an effect in the building, interior, and landscape design. For example, the underground

space for cooling tubes could be installed underneath the area of outdoor, indoor, and

terrace. Accordingly, the placement of indoor air outlet of the air cooling tubes system will it

reallyhave an effect to the outdoor, terrace space, and interior design. In this case, the research

concludes this will be appropriate to build mass housing and small business offices in

Indonesia due to the ability of the Earth Cooling Tubes without Stone-Exposure could make

the room office temperature 29 degree as the upper scale of the comfort limit [23].

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The research model of the Earth Cooling Tubes in PT. ALC was concernedwith the Cooling Mode

Mixed hierarchy [27], [28]. The research shows that the PT. ALC office room temperature using earth

cold energy media facilities with Non-Exposed rocks can be able to providea comfort level witha

maximum temperature of 29 degrees in average in the daytime. The maximum ambient temperature of

29 degrees had been able to provide comfort for the office building as a place to work than room

temperature without the earth cooling tubes that had an average temperature of 31 degrees during the

daytime. However, this research is able to reduce using stone material and the number of fans as

feature variables.

The research of the earth cooling tubes in Yogyakarta could be a pioneer of the study focusing on

Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) in Indonesia. This was included in the potential cooling energy

savings [6], [36] and renewable energy on-site [5] and also it was important for landed mass housing

development and small business offices in Indonesia in the near future due to lower usage of electrical

power rather than the using split AC.

Further crucial research needs to be done with the same media in different room types, but the

depth of the air tubes in the ground a minimum of three meters and supported by field installation of

the underground coolingtubes to have a cooler and stable temperature in supplying the air conditioning

to the future proposed experimental space.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This paper is the result of the activities financed by the Ministry of Research and Technology of

Higher Education through the National Strategy scheme in 2015 and 2016. The author says greatly




love for Research and Technology Ministry of Higher Education that has funded the research of

National Strategy for two years. Thanks also go to the DPPM UII and the FTSP UII who have

supported the researcher with the awesome management. The research partner on the previous

research [10] was to set up the blogger tool to measure the temperature automatically. However, this

paper was fully based on the ECT measurement manually done by the author.

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