Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication
DNA polymerase
Another name for protein synthesis
translation
Sugar used to make DNA
dexoyribose
Process of making a DNA copy
replication
Nitrogen base with 1 ring such ascytosine and thymine
pyrimidine
Organism whose cells have a nucleus
eukaryote
Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA
transcription
Three sequential nucleotides in anmRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid
codon
Organism without a nucleusprokaryote
Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine
Purine
Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA
nucleotide
Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases
Base pairing
Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another
transformation
Series of genes that controls development and differentiation inthe developing embryo
Hox genes
Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells
chromatin
Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
Tightly packed DNA and proteins thatare “scrunched up” into rod-shapedbundles in dividing cells
chromosomes
Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
exon
Process of making proteins from an RNA message
Translation (protein synthesis)
What is CHARGAFF’S RULE?
A = T
G = C
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Type of RNA that carries DNA codefrom the nucleus out to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
Region of DNA where RNA polymerasebinds to start transcription
promoter
Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin
histone
Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together
Hydrogen bonds
Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones
nucleosome
Type of RNA that matches itsanticodon and attaches the correctamino acid to the growing proteinchain during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Structures found in the cytoplasmmade of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens
Ribosomes
Name the scientist who repeated
Griffith’s mice-pneumoniaexperiment but used
enzymes todestroy different kinds ofmolecules and showed that
DNAwas the molecule that
caused transformation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery
Oswald Avery
Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Sugar found in RNA molecules
ribose
Group of genes in a prokaryote thatoperate together
operon
Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off
operator
Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule
RNA polymerase
Protein that binds to the operator siteand stops RNA polymerase frombinding and transcribing a gene
repressor
Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions
differentiation
Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
Virus that infects bacteria
bacteriophage
Another name for a protein chain
polypeptide
Macromolecule made by joining aminoacid subunits together
protein
Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps positionRNA polymerase
TATA box
Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved
in coding for a protein which is cut out
of the m-RNA molecule before it is read
by the ribosomes intron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Name the woman scientist whose X-rayimages of DNA helped James Watson and Francis Crick figure out the structureof DNA
ROSALYN FRANKLIN
Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA
DNA RNADouble stranded Single strandedDeoxyribose sugar Ribose sugarA,T,C,G A,U,C,GNo Uracil No thymineContains genetic code Carries code from Stays in nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm
Helps with protein synthesis
Making a DNA copy = _____________
Using DNA code to
make an RNA = ___________________
Using an RNA messageto make a protein = _______________
replication
translation
transcription
A genetic change in a cell due to DNAreceived from another cell=
____________________.TRANSFORMATION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Name the two scientists received theNobel prize for figuring out the structure of DNA
JAMES WATSON &FRANCIS CRICK
Oswald Avery repeatedGriffith’s mice-pneumoniaexperiment but used enzymes
todestroy different kinds ofmolecules before injecting
theminto the mice.
Which molecule was necessary for transformation to occur?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery
DNA
DNA → DNA = _____________
DNA → RNA = ___________________
RNA → protein = _______________
replication
translation
transcription
Name the two scientists whosebacteriophage-blender experiment
helpedshow that DNA was the molecule thatcarried the genetic code
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE
A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________
http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm
BACTERIOPHAGE
Name this subunit used to buildnucleic acids like DNA & RNA
If this was going to make RNA whatsugar would be used?
Which nitrogen base could NOT be used?
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
ribose
THYMINE
Name this subunit used to buildnucleic acids like DNA & RNA
If this was going to make DNA whatsugar would be used?
Which nitrogen base could NOT be used?
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
deoxyribose
URACIL
Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for
_____________= A
_____________ = G
_____________ = C
______________ = T
______________ = U
ADENINEGUANINECYTOSINETHYMINEURACIL
Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder)in a DNA molecule?
Sugar and phosphates
Purines
A
G
Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Chromosome
Supercoils
Coils
Nucleosome
Histones
DNA
double
helix
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
DNA that is condensed in the nucleus ofdividing cells so it can be transported easily is called _______________
CHROMOSOMES
Pyrimidines
C
T
Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Hydrogen
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
_____________ bondsbetween nitrogen bases hold the two strands together.
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESSingle chromosomeMany chromosomesCircular (loop) Rod-shaped bundlesIn cytoplasm in Nucleus (no nucleus)
Coils
Histones
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Which protein does DNA wrap around to formnucleosomes?
HISTONES
Name the pieces of message that are NOT edited out and are
expressed __________EXONS
Image by Riedell
Chromosome
SupercoilsCoils
Histones
DNA
double
helix
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
What are the small bead-like bundles called that form when DNA scrunches into chromosomes?nucleosom
es
Growth
Growth
Replication fork
DNA polymerase
New strand
Original strand DNA
polymerase
Nitrogenous bases
Replication fork
Original strand
New strand
The sites where strand separation and replication occur are called _____________replication forks
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
_________________RNA Combines with proteins to form
ribosomes
_________________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correctamino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reservedmRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
RIBOSOMAL
TRANSFER
MESSENGER
The pieces of message that are edited out are called __________
Where does this editing happen?
INTRONS
Image by Riedell
In nucleus
Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for:
C C A =___________
C G U = __________
U U C = __________
G C A = __________
U A G = __________
proline
arginine
phenylalanine
STOP
alanine
_______________ are changes in the genetic material.MUTATIONS
Mistakes in copying DNARadiationChemicals in environment
Tell something that can cause mutations.
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
GENE MUTATIONS
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
Chromosome
Supercoils
Coils
Nucleosome
Histones
DNA
double
helix
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
DNA that is spread out in the nucleus ofnon-dividing cells so the code can be readis called _______________
CHROMATIN
Mutations involving only one or a few nucleotides are called ________ mutations
Explain why frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene are more harmful than at the end.
point
Frameshifts cause everything after themutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code.
Name this kind of mutation
Changes one base for another
A T T C G A G C T
A T T C T A G C T→
SUBSTITUTION
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
_________________RNA
_________________RNA
_________________RNA
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reservedmRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
RIBOSOMAL
TRANSFER
MESSENGER
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
SUBSTITUTION
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
A T T C G A G C T
A T T C T A G C T
→
A= _________
B= _________
C= _________
D= ___________
F= _____________
G = __________________
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
NUCLEUS
m-RNAamino acid
ribosome
t-RNA
codon
Amino acid
INSERTION
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
Mutation that causes the reading frame to shift and be misread.
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
Segment flips and reads backwards
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
INVERSION
Tell the kind of mutation shown
Segment breaks off and joins a different non-homologous chromosome
Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
TRANSLOCATION
Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes = _______________
3N plants are called ____________
4N plants are called ____________
POLYPLOIDY
triploid
tetraploid
What advantage does polyploidy give to some plants?
What do you call a polyploid human?
Makes them bigger and stronger
Dead. . . Humans can’t survive with polyploidy!
Group of genes that operate together are called an ________________OPERON
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF
Name the regulatory regions upstream from
promoters in eukaryotic cells that bind many different regulatory proteins
Which sequence in eukaryotes helps position RNA POLYMERASE?
TATA box
Image by Riedell
ENHANCER regions
The changing of a cell to become specialized with different functions is called ___________________
How does this happen?
DIFFERENTIATION
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Cells turn different genes on and off at different times
Tell what turns the lac operon off.Repressor sits on the operator blockingRNA polymerase from reading the code
When lactose is present, the repressor binds lactose instead of the operator
What turns the lac operon ON?
Image modified from: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF
In what kind of organisms would you find operons?
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
What does the TATA box do?
prokaryotes
Help position RNA polymerase
Top Related