8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
1/56
In educational research, we start with a problem area
what is the problem or issue?Who says it is an issue?
What are the data that can convince us if it is an issue?
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
2/56
Interest
Size
Economy
Researchers Capabilities and Limitations
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
3/56
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
4/56
4) active learning in the classroom/student
centred learning
5) class management : handling difficult
behaviours 6) understanding learning styles of students
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
5/56
Objectives are specific aims of the research
Detail statement of the expected outcome of research
Specific listing of research outcomes would be essential
in guiding the kind of data to be collected and the
instruments to be used
In making items for questionnaire, you would need to
refer back to the objectives
Similarly in making observations, interviews and
documentary analysis, you are guided by the researchobjectives
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
6/56
Examples
1) to determine the teaching approach of the
teachers in teaching science, including
teaching strategy, method and techniquesused
2)to determine the class management
strategy used by the teacher in the science
lab 3) to give an account of the science process
skills being inculcated and the way it is
inculcated either implicitly or explicitly
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
7/56
4) to obtain an account of students
perceptions of the teachers personality and
relaionship with the students
5) to determine the ratings of the teachersteaching performance from the perspective
of the observer and the students
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
8/56
Research questions and research objectives
are closely related to each other
Normally research objectives are derived
from research questions Just bear in mind that research objectives
are less specific compared to research
questions
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
9/56
Examples:
1) What are the teaching strategy, method
and technique used by the excellent
teacher in the classroom?2) How does the teacher manage a science
practical lesson in the lab?
(How does he/she manage the apparatus,
the lab work done by students, the progressof lesson and time management?)
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
10/56
3) how was the science process skills
inculcated? Was it explicitly or implicitly
done?
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
11/56
Feasible (able to do) can be
investigated without an undue
amount of time, energy or money
Clear
Significant
Ethical
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
12/56
A hypothesis is a formulation of a (potential)
solution to a problem in a form of a
statement
The characteristics of a hypothesis :1) A statement of the predicted and educated
answers to research questions
2) An indication of relationship between
variables or the effect of one variable uponanother
3) Statistically tested
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
13/56
The first one (also known as general
hypothesis) describe in general the predicted
results, while the second defines the
relationship between variables in term offigures or symbols
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
14/56
Students who learn science through
cooperative learning performed better than
those who learn by the traditional method
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
15/56
A : The mean score of science for Form 2A that
follows cooperative learning is higher than
that of students in Form 2B who do not
experience cooperative learning
B : There is no difference in science means
score between Form 2A that follows
cooperative learning than that of Form 2B
that did not follow cooperative learning
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
16/56
Null hypothesis There mean score of thinkingskill (compare and contrast) ofthe experimental groups thatfollows the thinking skill lesson
by explicit method is equal orless than that of the controlgroup that follows thinking skilllesson by integration technique
Alternativehypothesis
Students that follow thinking skilllesson by the explicit technique
obtained higher mean score than
those that follow the integration
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
17/56
Null hypothesis There is no difference in the meanscore of Arabic languageachievement between year 1students of UKM following grammartext books from Cairo than thoseyear 1 using grammar text booksfrom Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alternative hypothesis There is difference between the
mean score of Arabic language of
year 1 students of UKM using the
grammar book from Cairo than those
using the grammar book from Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
18/56
There is a statistically significant
difference in achievement between
students who attended sciencetuition classes and those students
who did not attend science tuition
classes.
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
19/56
Because the hypothesis did not
specify which particular group is
comparatively better
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
20/56
Is a process of studying related literature and
past research
In most cases, published scholarly papers
related to ones topic of study
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
21/56
To map the field of study so that the
researcher will get the big picture in terms
of knowledge, theories and principles
Limit the problem area the problem shouldbe small enough and sufficiently specific
Define the problem the researcher know
exactly what he is looking for
Avoid unnecessary repetition do not assumethat one method is the only method/correct
method available
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
22/56
Search for new approaches be alert toresearch approach which may have beenoverlooked. Be prepared to adopt a differentviewpoint
Recommend suitable methods methodologyshould be appropriate to the researchproblems
To learn more about the kinds of instruments
the researcher may use or adapt for thepurposes of his/her research
To find out more about the limitations ofrelated previous studies
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
23/56
Find out the sources : indices of thesis
abstracts in science/social science,
educational journal, educational books,
encyclopaedias of education, Malaysian
research reports : EPRD/BPG/Higher learning
institutions, proceedings of research
seminars, ERIC (Education Resource
Information Index) and internet
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
24/56
If you are new in this area, you can go to the
library of higher learning institutions and get
assistance from the librarian
May use the internet that has a lot ofeducation research information such as ERIC
search. Searching data through the internet
is fast and easy
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
25/56
Having collected the publications or data,
you can then scan for relevant articles
suitable for your research topic. Classify
them according to their importance
Read and record the findings. Make abstracts
which include authors name, title of article,
research subject, the methodology, findings,
result and conclusion
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
26/56
Record the source of the article because you will
need it for citation and references for your
proposal (author, year, title of article, publisher
and place of publication
Doing literature review entails more than listing
theories and past research. It should be a critical
account of the related theories and findings.
Look for similarities or contradictions of the
theories and findings from the literature andpast research and ask yourself how these
similarities or contradictions came to be in the
first place
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
27/56
SOURCES OF LITERATURE CONTENT
Educational journals: local
universities and abroad
Edited research report, short and
systematically written. Good reference
Thesis Full account of research report by graduate
students
Academic exercises Undergraduate mini-thesis in Malaysia
Educational books Principles and theories on various
educational disciplines
Encyclopedia of education A comprehensive account of various
educational topics; good for a beginner inresearch
Proceedings of educational
seminar or conferences
A compilation of seminar papers; some are
research-based; a source of primary data
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
28/56
ERIC Worldwide data base for research
reports; journal and nonjournal
articles and teaching learningdocuments
URL:http//www.eric.edu.gov/
EPRD research reports of the
Ministry Education Malaysia
http://www.yahoo.com
http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/
http://www.excite.com
Good source of documented
educational of research by Malaysian
educationist
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/http/www.eric.edu.gov/http://www.yahoo.com/http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/http://www.yahoo.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/http/www.eric.edu.gov/8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
29/56
Keywords compile a list of key word
Consultations consult librarian/ discuss with
specialists @ colleagues for help in finding
sources of literature Preliminary sources using key words check
the preliminary sources for references :
catalogue, index, abstract, bibliography
Secondary sources locate textbooks,articles to check relevance and background
information
Primary sources
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
30/56
You as a researcher need to have a very
strong knowledge of the topic you choose
This means that you must know the common
concepts used in your area Eg : can cooperative learning inculcate love,
cooperativeness, cleanliness and rationale?
To answer this question, you would need to
read up on the concept of cooperativelearning, active learning and small group
work which are distinct but inter-related.
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
31/56
Based on reading past research and
textbooks on approaches to learning, you will
have a better idea of cooperative learning,
its elements and what differentiates it from
ordinary group work used by school teachers
In short, literature review facilities your
explanation on the important variables of
your research topic
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
32/56
Theories explain a given phenomenon, how it
comes to be and the existing relationship
between related variables.
If your research is about teachers jobsatisfaction, you need to know the theories
of job satisfaction and motivation
If your research is on achievement in
science, you need to understandachievement theories
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
33/56
Eg : cooperative learning : the research topic
is based on 3 theories: social
interdependency, cognitive development and
behaviourism
The theory of social interdependency
emphasises group dynamics, social and
communicative skills required to build team
spirit. As for cognitive development theory, it
focuses on the trend of learning capability of
individuals with age
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
34/56
Lastly, behavioural theory emphasises the
enforcement of positive behaviours where in
the case of cooperative learning rewards are
given
Literature review involves reading about
theories underlying your specific research
topic
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
35/56
Models are designs. For example, in
cooperative learning, there are 3 distinct
models to facilitate the learning process
1) Students Team-Learning (initiated byRobert Slavin of John Hopkins
2) Learning together (created by Johnson and
Johnson of Minnesota)
3) Jigsaw (Elliot Aronson of Santa Cruz)
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
36/56
Ask yourself if there are models related to
your research topics.
In teaching, there are a number of models or
approaches
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
37/56
PAST RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA
PAST RESEARCH IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Sources of data can be obtained from
journals, research reports, book and
proceedings of seminars based on research
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
38/56
Need to survey the kinds of research that
have been done within Malaysia, which are
similar to your own topic
If there are only a few research that arerelated to your research, you can read other
research which are quite related to your own
research
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
39/56
Eg : your interest may be in the teaching of
Biology, but you may also look at that of
general science which has a biology
component
Every time you read and review, write down
the findings, author and sources of data, to
enable you to write the reference later with
ease
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
40/56
Researcher doing research in Malaysian
public schools need permission from the
Ministry of Education
The Ministry keeps copies of the researchreports which are available at the
Educational Planning and Research
Development Unit (EPRD)
Educational seminar and conferences areoften conducted by various educational
institutions
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
41/56
Educational research is well established in
Western countries like the USA, Canada ,
Britain and Europe
However, your literature review can coverany foreign countries that have conducted
similar research as yours
Educational books from various disciplines
written by university professors fromWestern countries are available both in
libraries and bookshops
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
42/56
DEVELOPING RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
1) Determining Objectives
2) Determining Contents
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
43/56
The test should be constructed according to
its objectives
The behavioural objectives to be measuredshould be realistic and stated clearly
Objectives should also be stated
behaviourally and not in the form of learning
objectives
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
44/56
The content of the area should be
determined
Effective test is a test which has a high
content validity Should cover all contents of the research
area
The opinion of the expert in the area could
be utilised to ensure the test to bedeveloped has high reliability and validity
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
45/56
Mengukur apa yang sepatutnya diukur
Penyelidikan yang mempunyai kesahan
yang tinggi bererti dapatan yangdiperoleh adalah berdasarkan fakta
atau bukti dan mampu memberi
justifikasi yang tepat
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
46/56
KESAHAN LUARAN
KESAHAN DALAMAN
KESAHAN KANDUNGAN
KESAHAN HUBUNGAN KRITERIA KESAHAN KONSTRUK
KESAHAN MUKA
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
47/56
Merujuk kepada generalisasi sejauh mana
dapatan/kesimpulan penyelidikan digunakan
kepada sampel lain ditempat lain/masa
berbeza
Ancaman :
1. Sampel penyelidikan kurang mewakili
populasi yang disasarkan
2. Kesan Hawthorne/kesan tikus putih3. Kajian yang libatkan isu /maklumat sensitif
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
48/56
Menentukan sejauh mana dapatan sesuatu
penyelidikan dapat diinterpretasi dengan
tepat
Ancaman :1. Sejarah
2. Permatangan
3. Kesan ujian
4. Instrumentasi
5. Pemilihan
6. Keciciran peserta
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
49/56
Kesahan kandungan merupakan penilaian
yang sistematik ke atas isi kandungan ujian
untuk menentukan samada domain tingkah
laku yang diukur mewakili keseluruhan
kandungan sesuatu domain
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
50/56
Ditunjukkan oleh tahap korelasi antara
pembolehubah yang diselidik dengan kriteria
yang ditetapkan
Terdapat 2 jenis kesahan hubungan kriteriaiaitu kesahan serentak (concurrent validity)
dan kesahan ramalan (predictive validity)
Kesahan serentak data ujian dan data
kriteria dikumpul pada masa yang sama Kesahan ramalan data ujian dikumpul
terlebih dahulu untuk meramal data kriteria
yang akan dikumpul pada masa akan datang
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
51/56
Ketepatan instrumen mengukur sesuatu
konstruk/gagasan berasaskan teori psikologi
yang terbabit
Kesahan konstruk menerangkan sejauh manasesuatu ujian/eksperimen mengukur apa
yang sepatutnya diukur
Eg : ujian mengukur kemurungan (hanya
mengukur konstruk tersebut. Jadi tidak perlumengukur yang lain seperti
stres/kebimbangan
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
52/56
Merupakan satu anggaran sama ada sesuatu
ujian kelihatan mengukur sesuatu kriteria
yang ingin diukur
Kesahan muka tidak menjamin sama ada
ujian tersebut betul-betul mengukur
fenomena dalam domain tersebut
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
53/56
Ketekalan sesuatu ukuran, walaupun diulangi
beberapa kali
Kestabilan sesuatu ukuran pada sepanjangmasa
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
54/56
Kekonsistenan data yang dipungut
Dianalisis
diinterpretasi
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
55/56
Pemerolehan dapatan yang konsisten oleh
seorang penyelidik lain yang mengulangi
Mereplikasi sesuatu penyelidikan dalamkeadaan yang sama
8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3
56/56
Ukuran Berturutan .
Ditentukan dengan menggunakan 2 kali ujian
1) Uji-uji semula (Test Retest)
2) Ujian kesetaraan (Equivalent Test) Ukuran Serentak dua atau lebih ukuran
dibuat masa yang sama oleh para
pemerhati yang berbeza
Ketekalan dalaman eg : Kuder-Ricahrdson,Cronbach Alpha
Top Related