Research Problem Topic 3

8/12/2019 Research Problem Topic 3

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In educational research, we start with a problem area

what is the problem or issue?Who says it is an issue?

What are the data that can convince us if it is an issue?


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Interest

Size

Economy

Researchers Capabilities and Limitations


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4) active learning in the classroom/student

centred learning

5) class management : handling difficult

behaviours 6) understanding learning styles of students


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Objectives are specific aims of the research

Detail statement of the expected outcome of research

Specific listing of research outcomes would be essential

in guiding the kind of data to be collected and the

instruments to be used

In making items for questionnaire, you would need to

refer back to the objectives

Similarly in making observations, interviews and

documentary analysis, you are guided by the researchobjectives


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Examples

1) to determine the teaching approach of the

teachers in teaching science, including

teaching strategy, method and techniquesused

2)to determine the class management

strategy used by the teacher in the science

lab 3) to give an account of the science process

skills being inculcated and the way it is

inculcated either implicitly or explicitly


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4) to obtain an account of students

perceptions of the teachers personality and

relaionship with the students

5) to determine the ratings of the teachersteaching performance from the perspective

of the observer and the students


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Research questions and research objectives

are closely related to each other

Normally research objectives are derived

from research questions Just bear in mind that research objectives

are less specific compared to research

questions


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Examples:

1) What are the teaching strategy, method

and technique used by the excellent

teacher in the classroom?2) How does the teacher manage a science

practical lesson in the lab?

(How does he/she manage the apparatus,

the lab work done by students, the progressof lesson and time management?)


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3) how was the science process skills

inculcated? Was it explicitly or implicitly

done?


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Feasible (able to do) can be

investigated without an undue

amount of time, energy or money

Clear

Significant

Ethical


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A hypothesis is a formulation of a (potential)

solution to a problem in a form of a

statement

The characteristics of a hypothesis :1) A statement of the predicted and educated

answers to research questions

2) An indication of relationship between

variables or the effect of one variable uponanother

3) Statistically tested


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The first one (also known as general

hypothesis) describe in general the predicted

results, while the second defines the

relationship between variables in term offigures or symbols


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Students who learn science through

cooperative learning performed better than

those who learn by the traditional method


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A : The mean score of science for Form 2A that

follows cooperative learning is higher than

that of students in Form 2B who do not

experience cooperative learning

B : There is no difference in science means

score between Form 2A that follows

cooperative learning than that of Form 2B

that did not follow cooperative learning


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Null hypothesis There mean score of thinkingskill (compare and contrast) ofthe experimental groups thatfollows the thinking skill lesson

by explicit method is equal orless than that of the controlgroup that follows thinking skilllesson by integration technique

Alternativehypothesis

Students that follow thinking skilllesson by the explicit technique

obtained higher mean score than

those that follow the integration


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Null hypothesis There is no difference in the meanscore of Arabic languageachievement between year 1students of UKM following grammartext books from Cairo than thoseyear 1 using grammar text booksfrom Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Alternative hypothesis There is difference between the

mean score of Arabic language of

year 1 students of UKM using the

grammar book from Cairo than those

using the grammar book from Riyadh,

Saudi Arabia


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There is a statistically significant

difference in achievement between

students who attended sciencetuition classes and those students

who did not attend science tuition

classes.


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Because the hypothesis did not

specify which particular group is

comparatively better


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Is a process of studying related literature and

past research

In most cases, published scholarly papers

related to ones topic of study


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To map the field of study so that the

researcher will get the big picture in terms

of knowledge, theories and principles

Limit the problem area the problem shouldbe small enough and sufficiently specific

Define the problem the researcher know

exactly what he is looking for

Avoid unnecessary repetition do not assumethat one method is the only method/correct

method available


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Search for new approaches be alert toresearch approach which may have beenoverlooked. Be prepared to adopt a differentviewpoint

Recommend suitable methods methodologyshould be appropriate to the researchproblems

To learn more about the kinds of instruments

the researcher may use or adapt for thepurposes of his/her research

To find out more about the limitations ofrelated previous studies


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Find out the sources : indices of thesis

abstracts in science/social science,

educational journal, educational books,

encyclopaedias of education, Malaysian

research reports : EPRD/BPG/Higher learning

institutions, proceedings of research

seminars, ERIC (Education Resource

Information Index) and internet


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If you are new in this area, you can go to the

library of higher learning institutions and get

assistance from the librarian

May use the internet that has a lot ofeducation research information such as ERIC

search. Searching data through the internet

is fast and easy


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Having collected the publications or data,

you can then scan for relevant articles

suitable for your research topic. Classify

them according to their importance

Read and record the findings. Make abstracts

which include authors name, title of article,

research subject, the methodology, findings,

result and conclusion


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Record the source of the article because you will

need it for citation and references for your

proposal (author, year, title of article, publisher

and place of publication

Doing literature review entails more than listing

theories and past research. It should be a critical

account of the related theories and findings.

Look for similarities or contradictions of the

theories and findings from the literature andpast research and ask yourself how these

similarities or contradictions came to be in the

first place


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SOURCES OF LITERATURE CONTENT

Educational journals: local

universities and abroad

Edited research report, short and

systematically written. Good reference

Thesis Full account of research report by graduate

students

Academic exercises Undergraduate mini-thesis in Malaysia

Educational books Principles and theories on various

educational disciplines

Encyclopedia of education A comprehensive account of various

educational topics; good for a beginner inresearch

Proceedings of educational

seminar or conferences

A compilation of seminar papers; some are

research-based; a source of primary data


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ERIC Worldwide data base for research

reports; journal and nonjournal

articles and teaching learningdocuments

URL:http//www.eric.edu.gov/

EPRD research reports of the

Ministry Education Malaysia

http://www.yahoo.com

http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/

http://www.excite.com

Good source of documented

educational of research by Malaysian

educationist
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/http/www.eric.edu.gov/http://www.yahoo.com/http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/http://www.yahoo.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/http/www.eric.edu.gov/


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Keywords compile a list of key word

Consultations consult librarian/ discuss with

specialists @ colleagues for help in finding

sources of literature Preliminary sources using key words check

the preliminary sources for references :

catalogue, index, abstract, bibliography

Secondary sources locate textbooks,articles to check relevance and background

information

Primary sources


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You as a researcher need to have a very

strong knowledge of the topic you choose

This means that you must know the common

concepts used in your area Eg : can cooperative learning inculcate love,

cooperativeness, cleanliness and rationale?

To answer this question, you would need to

read up on the concept of cooperativelearning, active learning and small group

work which are distinct but inter-related.


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Based on reading past research and

textbooks on approaches to learning, you will

have a better idea of cooperative learning,

its elements and what differentiates it from

ordinary group work used by school teachers

In short, literature review facilities your

explanation on the important variables of

your research topic


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Theories explain a given phenomenon, how it

comes to be and the existing relationship

between related variables.

If your research is about teachers jobsatisfaction, you need to know the theories

of job satisfaction and motivation

If your research is on achievement in

science, you need to understandachievement theories


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Eg : cooperative learning : the research topic

is based on 3 theories: social

interdependency, cognitive development and

behaviourism

The theory of social interdependency

emphasises group dynamics, social and

communicative skills required to build team

spirit. As for cognitive development theory, it

focuses on the trend of learning capability of

individuals with age


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Lastly, behavioural theory emphasises the

enforcement of positive behaviours where in

the case of cooperative learning rewards are

given

Literature review involves reading about

theories underlying your specific research

topic


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Models are designs. For example, in

cooperative learning, there are 3 distinct

models to facilitate the learning process

1) Students Team-Learning (initiated byRobert Slavin of John Hopkins

2) Learning together (created by Johnson and

Johnson of Minnesota)

3) Jigsaw (Elliot Aronson of Santa Cruz)


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Ask yourself if there are models related to

your research topics.

In teaching, there are a number of models or

approaches


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PAST RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA

PAST RESEARCH IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Sources of data can be obtained from

journals, research reports, book and

proceedings of seminars based on research


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Need to survey the kinds of research that

have been done within Malaysia, which are

similar to your own topic

If there are only a few research that arerelated to your research, you can read other

research which are quite related to your own

research


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Eg : your interest may be in the teaching of

Biology, but you may also look at that of

general science which has a biology

component

Every time you read and review, write down

the findings, author and sources of data, to

enable you to write the reference later with

ease


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Researcher doing research in Malaysian

public schools need permission from the

Ministry of Education

The Ministry keeps copies of the researchreports which are available at the

Educational Planning and Research

Development Unit (EPRD)

Educational seminar and conferences areoften conducted by various educational

institutions


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Educational research is well established in

Western countries like the USA, Canada ,

Britain and Europe

However, your literature review can coverany foreign countries that have conducted

similar research as yours

Educational books from various disciplines

written by university professors fromWestern countries are available both in

libraries and bookshops


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DEVELOPING RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

1) Determining Objectives

2) Determining Contents


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The test should be constructed according to

its objectives

The behavioural objectives to be measuredshould be realistic and stated clearly

Objectives should also be stated

behaviourally and not in the form of learning

objectives


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The content of the area should be

determined

Effective test is a test which has a high

content validity Should cover all contents of the research

area

The opinion of the expert in the area could

be utilised to ensure the test to bedeveloped has high reliability and validity


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Mengukur apa yang sepatutnya diukur

Penyelidikan yang mempunyai kesahan

yang tinggi bererti dapatan yangdiperoleh adalah berdasarkan fakta

atau bukti dan mampu memberi

justifikasi yang tepat


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KESAHAN LUARAN

KESAHAN DALAMAN

KESAHAN KANDUNGAN

KESAHAN HUBUNGAN KRITERIA KESAHAN KONSTRUK

KESAHAN MUKA


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Merujuk kepada generalisasi sejauh mana

dapatan/kesimpulan penyelidikan digunakan

kepada sampel lain ditempat lain/masa

berbeza

Ancaman :

1. Sampel penyelidikan kurang mewakili

populasi yang disasarkan

2. Kesan Hawthorne/kesan tikus putih3. Kajian yang libatkan isu /maklumat sensitif


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Menentukan sejauh mana dapatan sesuatu

penyelidikan dapat diinterpretasi dengan

tepat

Ancaman :1. Sejarah

2. Permatangan

3. Kesan ujian

4. Instrumentasi

5. Pemilihan

6. Keciciran peserta


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Kesahan kandungan merupakan penilaian

yang sistematik ke atas isi kandungan ujian

untuk menentukan samada domain tingkah

laku yang diukur mewakili keseluruhan

kandungan sesuatu domain


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Ditunjukkan oleh tahap korelasi antara

pembolehubah yang diselidik dengan kriteria

yang ditetapkan

Terdapat 2 jenis kesahan hubungan kriteriaiaitu kesahan serentak (concurrent validity)

dan kesahan ramalan (predictive validity)

Kesahan serentak data ujian dan data

kriteria dikumpul pada masa yang sama Kesahan ramalan data ujian dikumpul

terlebih dahulu untuk meramal data kriteria

yang akan dikumpul pada masa akan datang


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Ketepatan instrumen mengukur sesuatu

konstruk/gagasan berasaskan teori psikologi

yang terbabit

Kesahan konstruk menerangkan sejauh manasesuatu ujian/eksperimen mengukur apa

yang sepatutnya diukur

Eg : ujian mengukur kemurungan (hanya

mengukur konstruk tersebut. Jadi tidak perlumengukur yang lain seperti

stres/kebimbangan


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Merupakan satu anggaran sama ada sesuatu

ujian kelihatan mengukur sesuatu kriteria

yang ingin diukur

Kesahan muka tidak menjamin sama ada

ujian tersebut betul-betul mengukur

fenomena dalam domain tersebut


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Ketekalan sesuatu ukuran, walaupun diulangi

beberapa kali

Kestabilan sesuatu ukuran pada sepanjangmasa


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Kekonsistenan data yang dipungut

Dianalisis

diinterpretasi


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Pemerolehan dapatan yang konsisten oleh

seorang penyelidik lain yang mengulangi

Mereplikasi sesuatu penyelidikan dalamkeadaan yang sama


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Ukuran Berturutan .

Ditentukan dengan menggunakan 2 kali ujian

1) Uji-uji semula (Test Retest)

2) Ujian kesetaraan (Equivalent Test) Ukuran Serentak dua atau lebih ukuran

dibuat masa yang sama oleh para

pemerhati yang berbeza

Ketekalan dalaman eg : Kuder-Ricahrdson,Cronbach Alpha

Research Problem Topic 3

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