PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AND IMPORTANCE AND
CONTROL MEASURES CONTROL MEASURES IN MALARIAIN MALARIA
APPROACHES TO MALARIA APPROACHES TO MALARIA CONTROLCONTROL
• A. MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA A. MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA CASES IN THE COMMUNITYCASES IN THE COMMUNITY
• B.ACTIVE INTERVENTION TO B.ACTIVE INTERVENTION TO CONTROL MALARIA CONTROL MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN THE TRANSMISSION IN THE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
A. MANAGEMENT OF A. MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA CASESMALARIA CASES
• 1. CASE DETECTION1. CASE DETECTION
• 2.TREATMENT2.TREATMENT
• 3.MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION3.MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION
CASE DETECTIONCASE DETECTION
• ALL FEVER CASE ATTENDING TO ALL FEVER CASE ATTENDING TO PHC/DISPENSARIES /HOSPITALS PHC/DISPENSARIES /HOSPITALS SHOULD BE PRESUMED TO BE SHOULD BE PRESUMED TO BE SUFFERING FROM MALARIASUFFERING FROM MALARIA
TREATMENTTREATMENT
• CHLOROQUINECHLOROQUINE-1-1STST LINE OF DRUG LINE OF DRUG
1.VIVAX - CHL - 25 MG/KG 1.VIVAX - CHL - 25 MG/KG BW(3 BW(3 DAYS)DAYS)
PRIM -0.2 MG/KG BW PRIM -0.2 MG/KG BW (14 (14 DAYS)DAYS)
• 2.FALCIPARUM2.FALCIPARUM
-25MG/KG BW(3 DAYS)-25MG/KG BW(3 DAYS)
-PRIMAQUINE 0.7 -PRIMAQUINE 0.7 MG/KG(1MG/KG(1STST
DAY)DAY)
3.CHL- RESISTANT FALCIPARUM 3.CHL- RESISTANT FALCIPARUM MALARIAMALARIA - ARTESUNATE - ARTESUNATE COMBINATION COMBINATION THERAPYTHERAPY
-QUININE-QUININE
UNCOMPLICATED UNCOMPLICATED MALARIAMALARIA
• 1 .CHLOROQUINE1 .CHLOROQUINE DAYDAY CHILCHILDRENDREN
ADULADULTSTS
11 10MG10MG/KG/KG
600M600MGG
22 10MG10MG/KG/KG
600M600MGG
33 5MG/5MG/KGKG
300 300 MGMG
• 2. PRIMAQUINE -P.FALCIPARUM2. PRIMAQUINE -P.FALCIPARUM
ABOVE 15 YEARS - 45 MG ABOVE 15 YEARS - 45 MG SINGLE SINGLE
DOSE ON DOSE ON DAY 1DAY 1 LESS THAN 15 LESS THAN 15 YEARS-7.5 -30 MGYEARS-7.5 -30 MG
P.VIVAX-P.VIVAX-
ABOVE 15 YEARS-15MG ABOVE 15 YEARS-15MG DAILY DAILY DOSE DOSE FOR 14 DAYSFOR 14 DAYS
LESS THAN 15 YEARS -2.5-10 LESS THAN 15 YEARS -2.5-10 MGMG
• 3.ARTSUNATE 3.ARTSUNATE +SULPHADOXINE+PYRIMETHAMINE+SULPHADOXINE+PYRIMETHAMINE
ADULTS (ABOVE15 YRS)ADULTS (ABOVE15 YRS)
AS-4 TABS ON 1,2,3 DAYSAS-4 TABS ON 1,2,3 DAYS
SP-3 TABS ON DAY 1SP-3 TABS ON DAY 1CONTRAINDICATION-PREGNANCYCONTRAINDICATION-PREGNANCY
SEVERE AND SEVERE AND COMPLICATED MALARIACOMPLICATED MALARIA
• 1 . QUININE INJ –1 . QUININE INJ –-10MG/KG I.V DRIP IN 5% -10MG/KG I.V DRIP IN 5% DEXTROSE SALINE TO BE DEXTROSE SALINE TO BE
RUN RUN OVR 4 HRSOVR 4 HRS
2.ARTESUNATE -2.ARTESUNATE --2.4 MG/KG BW I.M OR I.V -2.4 MG/KG BW I.M OR I.V
FOLLOWED BY 1.2 MG/KG BW AFTER FOLLOWED BY 1.2 MG/KG BW AFTER 12 HRS, THEN 1.2 MG/KG BW ONCE 12 HRS, THEN 1.2 MG/KG BW ONCE DAILY FOR 4 DAYSDAILY FOR 4 DAYS
• 3.ARTEMETHER3.ARTEMETHER
-1.6MG/KG BW I.M -1.6MG/KG BW I.M FOLLOWED BY 1.6MG/ KG BW FOLLOWED BY 1.6MG/ KG BW DAILY FOR 4 DAYS DAILY FOR 4 DAYS
4.ARTETHER4.ARTETHER
-150MG DAILY I.M FOR 3 -150MG DAILY I.M FOR 3 DAYS DAYS
• 5.ARTEMISININ5.ARTEMISININ
-10MG/KG BW AT 0 & 4 -10MG/KG BW AT 0 & 4 HRS FOLLOWED BY 7 MG/KG BW HRS FOLLOWED BY 7 MG/KG BW AT 24,36,48,60 HRSAT 24,36,48,60 HRS
SIDE EFFECTSSIDE EFFECTS
• CNS -BLURRING OF CNS -BLURRING OF VISION,HEADACHE,RETINAL VISION,HEADACHE,RETINAL
DAMAGEDAMAGE• GIT -CRAMPS, NAUSEA, GIT -CRAMPS, NAUSEA,
VOMITINGVOMITING
• CVS –CYANOSISCVS –CYANOSIS
MASS DRUG MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION
• RECOMMENDE IN HIGHLY RECOMMENDE IN HIGHLY ENDEMIC AREASENDEMIC AREAS
• ANTI MOSQUITO MEASURES TO ANTI MOSQUITO MEASURES TO FOLLOWFOLLOW
• NOT RECOMMENDED IN NOT RECOMMENDED IN CHILDREN BELOW 5 YEARS -CHILDREN BELOW 5 YEARS -INTERFERE WITH INTERFERE WITH
DEVT. OF DEVT. OF PROTECTIVE PROTECTIVE
IMMUNITYIMMUNITY
-ACCELERATE DEVT -ACCELERATE DEVT OF DRUG RESISTANCEOF DRUG RESISTANCE
- INCREACE RISK - INCREACE RISK OF RETINOPATHYOF RETINOPATHY
CHEMOPROPHYLAXISCHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
• RECOMMENDE FORRECOMMENDE FORTRAVELLORS,SOLDIERS.POLICE,PREGTRAVELLORS,SOLDIERS.POLICE,PREGNANCYNANCY
• CHOLOQUINE -300MG ONCE A WEEKCHOLOQUINE -300MG ONCE A WEEK• PROGUANIL -200MG ONCE A DAYPROGUANIL -200MG ONCE A DAY
MEFLOQUINE ,QUINE, DOXY CYCLINEMEFLOQUINE ,QUINE, DOXY CYCLINE
ACTIVE INTERVENTION ACTIVE INTERVENTION MEASURESMEASURES
MOSQUITO CONTROL MEASURESMOSQUITO CONTROL MEASURES• ANTI LARVAL MEASURESANTI LARVAL MEASURES
-ENVIRONMENTAL -ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLCONTROL
-CHEMICAL CONTROL-CHEMICAL CONTROL-BIOLOGICAL CONTROL-BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• ANTI ADULT MEASURESANTI ADULT MEASURES-RESIDUAL SPRAYS-RESIDUAL SPRAYS-SPACE SPRAYS-SPACE SPRAYS-GENETIC CONTROL-GENETIC CONTROL
• PROTECTION AGAINST PROTECTION AGAINST MOSQUITO BITESMOSQUITO BITES
--MOSQUITO NETSMOSQUITO NETS
-SCREENING-SCREENING-REPELLENTS-REPELLENTS
ANTI LARVAL ANTI LARVAL MEASURESMEASURES
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
-SOURCE REDUCTION-SOURCE REDUCTION-FILLING, LEVELLING AND -FILLING, LEVELLING AND
DRAINAGE OF DRAINAGE OF BREEDING BREEDING PLACESPLACES
-WATER MANAGEMENT-WATER MANAGEMENT
-FOR ANOPHELES-FILLING AND -FOR ANOPHELES-FILLING AND DRAINAGEDRAINAGE
• CHEMICAL CONTROLCHEMICAL CONTROL
MINERAL OILSMINERAL OILS
PARIS GREENPARIS GREEN
SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDESSYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES
--
• MINERAL OILSMINERAL OILS-ADDITION OF OIL TO WATER-ADDITION OF OIL TO WATER
-DIESEL OIL, FUEL OIL, -DIESEL OIL, FUEL OIL, KEROSENE OIL ETC.KEROSENE OIL ETC.
-FORMS A THIN FILM AND -FORMS A THIN FILM AND CUTS CUTS OF AIR SUPPLYOF AIR SUPPLY
-40 TO 90 LITRES PER -40 TO 90 LITRES PER HECTAREHECTARE
-KILLS LARVA AND PUPA-KILLS LARVA AND PUPA
- APPLIED ONCE IN A WEEK- APPLIED ONCE IN A WEEK
-MAKES WATER UNFIT FOR -MAKES WATER UNFIT FOR DRINKING AND KILLS FISHDRINKING AND KILLS FISH
PARIS GREEN –COPPER ACETO ARSENITEPARIS GREEN –COPPER ACETO ARSENITE-STOMACH POISON-STOMACH POISON
-KILLS SURFACE FEEDERS-KILLS SURFACE FEEDERS
-I KG PER HECTARE-I KG PER HECTARE
-DOES NOT HARM -DOES NOT HARM FISH ,MAN, FISH ,MAN, AND DOMESTIC AND DOMESTIC ANIMALSANIMALS
SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES -SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES -
FENTHION,CHLORPYRIFOS AND FENTHION,CHLORPYRIFOS AND ABATEABATE
-ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS-ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS -HYDROLYSE IN WATER-HYDROLYSE IN WATER
-WATER CONTAMINATION & RISK OF -WATER CONTAMINATION & RISK OF RESISTANCERESISTANCE
• BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
-GAMBUSIA & -GAMBUSIA & LEBISTER LEBISTER RETICULATUSRETICULATUS
-EFFECTIVE ONLY -EFFECTIVE ONLY WHEN WHEN USED IN USED IN CONJUNCTION CONJUNCTION WITH WITH OTHER METHODSOTHER METHODS
ANTI ADULT MEASURESANTI ADULT MEASURES
• RESIDUAL SPRAYS RESIDUAL SPRAYS
DDT,MALATHION,PROPOXURDDT,MALATHION,PROPOXUR
-DDT -1-2 GMS/MTRE SQ-DDT -1-2 GMS/MTRE SQ
-MALATHION -2 GMS /MTRE SQ-MALATHION -2 GMS /MTRE SQ
-LINDANE -0.5 GMS/MTRE SQ-LINDANE -0.5 GMS/MTRE SQ
- RESISTANCE IS THE MAIN - RESISTANCE IS THE MAIN PROBLEMPROBLEM
• SPACE SPRAYS SPACE SPRAYS -SPRAYED INTO -SPRAYED INTO
ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE IN THE FORM IN THE FORM OF MIST OR FOGOF MIST OR FOG
-PYRETHRUM EXTRACTS IS -PYRETHRUM EXTRACTS IS NERVE POISON AND KILLS NERVE POISON AND KILLS INSTANTLYINSTANTLY-O.I%PYRETHRIN-O.I%PYRETHRIN
-DOORS AND WINDOWS -DOORS AND WINDOWS CLOSED CLOSED FOR HALF AN HOURFOR HALF AN HOUR
-NO RESIDUAL ACTION-NO RESIDUAL ACTION
-RESIDUAL INSECTICIDES ARE -RESIDUAL INSECTICIDES ARE ALSO USEDALSO USED
GENETIC CONTROLGENETIC CONTROL
-STERILE MALE -STERILE MALE TECHNIQUETECHNIQUE
-CYTOPLASMIC -CYTOPLASMIC INCOMPATABILITYINCOMPATABILITY
-SEX DISTORTION-SEX DISTORTION
-GENE REPLACEMENT-GENE REPLACEMENT
-THEY ARE MORE -THEY ARE MORE EFFICIENT AND EFFICIENT AND
CHEAPERCHEAPER
PROTECTION AGAINST PROTECTION AGAINST MOSQUITO BITESMOSQUITO BITES
• MOSQUITO NETS -MATERIAL USED MOSQUITO NETS -MATERIAL USED SHOULD BE WHITE TO SHOULD BE WHITE TO ALLOW EASY DETECTION ALLOW EASY DETECTION OF MOSQUITOSOF MOSQUITOS
-TOP AND SIDES -TOP AND SIDES SHOULD SHOULD BE OF NETTINGBE OF NETTING
-NO HOLES OR RENTS-NO HOLES OR RENTS
-HOLE SIZE-0.0475 -HOLE SIZE-0.0475 INCHESINCHES
-150 HOLES PER SQUARE -150 HOLES PER SQUARE INCHINCH
SCREENING -COPPER OR BRONZE SCREENING -COPPER OR BRONZE GUAZEGUAZE
-16 MESHES PER INCH-16 MESHES PER INCH
-APERTURE -0.0475 INCH-APERTURE -0.0475 INCH
-COSTLY BUT EFFECTIVE-COSTLY BUT EFFECTIVE
• REPELLANTSREPELLANTS
-DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE-DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE
-INDALONE-INDALONE
-DIETHYL PHTHALATE-DIETHYL PHTHALATE
- MAINLY ACTIVE - MAINLY ACTIVE AGAINST AGAINST CULEX MOSQUITOSCULEX MOSQUITOS
-SHORT DURATION OF -SHORT DURATION OF PROTECTIONPROTECTION
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