Key Terms/People
• Reformation• Johann Tetzel• Pope Leo X• Indulgences• Martin Luther• Diet of Worms• Peasant’s War• Diet of Speyer
• League of Schmalkalden• Pope Paul III• John Calvin• Statute of the Six Articles• St. Ignatius Loyola• Jesuits• Index of Prohibited
Books• Thirty Years’ War
Causes of the Reformation
• 1. Church corruption– Simony, nepotism, sale of indulgences
• 2. Humanism– Glorification of humanity
• 3. Decline of prestige of the papacy– Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
• 4. Influence of Religious Refomers– Wycliffe and Hus
Causes of the Reformation
• 5. Resentment of secular rulers over the power of the pope and the Church– Growing nation-states
• 6. Resistance to the power of Charles V– Holy Roman Empire
• 7. Invention of the printing press– Increased literacy and Bible in vernacular
1517
• Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)– Dominican friar– Authorized by Leo X to sell indulgences– Proceeds to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)– Augustinian priest– Professor of theology at University of Wittenburg– Condemned sale of indulgences– Tormented by obsession over his own damnation– 95 Theses
1519-1520
• Tenets of Lutheranism:– 1. Salvation by faith alone– 2. The Bible is the ultimate authority– 3. The grace of God brings absolution– 4. Baptism and communion are the only valid
sacraments• Replaced Transubstantiation with Consubstantiation
– 5. Clergy is not superior to the laity– 6. The church should be subordinate to the state
1520
• Luther burned the papal bull that demanded that he recant
• Luther excommunicated• Charles V did not arrest Luther
1521
• Luther called before Diet of Worms• Luther refuses to recant• Translates the Bible into German
1520s
• Lutheranism spreads– Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, eastern Baltic
• Charles V preoccupied by war with the Ottoman Turks
1524-1526
• Radical religious sects form• Demand abolition of feudalism• Peasant’s War• Luther did not support extremists– Anabaptists
1529
• Diet of Speyer refused to recognize the right of princes to determine the religion of their subjects
1531
• League of Schmalkalden formed by Protestant princes to attack the emperor
• Charles V pleased with the pope to call a Church council to end the crisis
1531
• Ulrich Zwingli establishes Protestantism in Switzerland
• Each Swiss canton can determine its own religion
1534-1539
• Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy– Henry VIII is head of the Church of England
• Parliament abolishes Catholic monasteries– Confiscation of Church lands and wealth• Redistributed to nobles who supported the Church of
England
1536
• John Calvin publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion in the Swiss city of Basel– 1. Predestination– 2. Church government• Each congregation elected its minister • Disagreed with Luther that church should be
subordinate to the state– Encouraged theocracy
1539
• Parliament approved the Statute of the Six Articles– 1. The seven sacraments were upheld– 2. Catholic theology was maintained– 3.The authority of the monarch replaced the
authority of the pope
1540s
• Calvinism spreads– Scotland – Presbyterians– France – Huguenots– England – Puritans and Pilgrims
• Catholic Reformation begins• St. Ignatius Loyola establishes the Society of
Jesus (Jesuits)
1542
• Index of Prohibited Books was instituted in Catholic countries to keep heretical material out of the hands of the faithful
1545-1563
• Council of Trent responds to Protestant threat– 1. Salvation is by faith and good works– 2. Seven sacraments, Transubstantiation– 3. Sources of authority: Bible, traditions of the Church,
writings of the Church Fathers• Individuals cannot interpret the Bible without guidance from the
Church• Vulgate is the only valid version of the Bible
– 4. Monasticism, clerical celibacy, and purgatory were reaffirmed
– 5. Indulgences upheld (sale prohibited), seminaries established
1555
• Peace of Augsburg– German princes can choose their own religion and
the religion of their subjects• Either Lutheranism or Catholicism
Results of the Protestant Reformation
• 1. Northern Europe adopted Protestantism• 2. The unity of Western Christianity was
shattered• 3. Religious wars• Protestantism encouraged democracy,
science, and capitalism• Protestantism justified nationalism
Thirty Years’ War(1618-1648)
• Four phases:– 1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)– 2. Danish Phase (1625-1630)– 3. Swedish Phase (1625-1630)– 4. French/International Phase (1635-1648)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• 1. The Peace of Augsburg was reinstated– Calvinism added as a choice
• 2. Edict of Restitution was revoked, guaranteeing former Church states to Protestant rulers
• 3. Switzerland and Holland became independent• 4. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (the future
Prussia) gained territory• 5. German princes were made sovereign rulers,
weakening the HRE
Effects of the Thirty Years’ War
• Germany was devastated• Ages of religious wars ended• Hapsburgs were weakened• Catholic Reformation slowed• HRE ceased to be a viable political power• Calvinism gained acceptance• Anabaptists were presecuted
Women and Minorities
• Women rose in status in Lutheran territories• Ministers could marry• Witch trials
• Increased African slavery• Native Americans slaughtered
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