7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
1/51
Pronunciation Tips from youtubers comments on this video (applies to the next videotoo).
- Gah is like saying the "c" in car
- Kah is saying the "k" sound using your stomach muscles - Dah is saying the "t" sound but your tongue is placed in the back half of your
mouth
- Tah is having your tongue placed right on or behind your teeth
- Lah is saying ra but you add the "l" and roll your tongue. Llra
- Bah is saying pa but frowning when you do it
- Pah is having the "p" come from your stomach
- Jah is saying cha but as soon as the "ch" comes out, drop your chin and open
mouth.
- Cha is made using cleanched teeth for the "ch"
'' [Pa]
I believe that - Gah can be physically described as the back of your tongue touching the back portion of the roof of your mouth. It
creates a softer k sound that resembles the g-like sound I hear you say. - Kah like you suspect it sounds, sounds to me like the
English K. I hope this helps=)
ae like the e in the word ( set ) yae like the e in the word ( yet )
e like the a in the word ( take )
ye like the a in the word ( yay )
wae like in the word ( way )
oe like in the word ( wet )
Notes on video hangul number 6
1. and should sound close to 'e'
2. and should sound close to 'ye'
* in the video I pronounced '' as 'e', which is wrong. '' should sound close to 'ye'.- It was not a mistake. I just could not hit it right. Please refer one of the responding video from ever4ever to clarify.
Sorry and Thank you^__^
,,,,
A, Ya, Eo, Yeo, i
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
2/51
Hangul
1. Consonants ( )
Consonant chart
Plain Aspirated tensed
[k] [k'] [kk]
[n]
[t] [t'] [tt]
[r / l]
[m]
[p] [p'] [pp]
[s] [ss]
[zero /ng]
[ch] [ch'] [cc]
[h]
dictionary order:
(),, (),,, (), (),, (),,,,,
Aspirated ones are with more puff of air than the plain ones. As for
tensed ones, you add more stricture, but without puff of air, when letting
http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/k.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/k.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/k.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kk.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kk.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kk.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/n.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/n.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/n.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/t.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/t.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/t.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/th.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/th.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/tt.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/tt.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/tt.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/tt.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/r.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/r.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/r.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/r.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/l.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/l.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/l.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/l.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/m.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/m.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/m.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/p.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/p.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/p.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/p.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ph.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ph.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/pp.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/pp.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/pp.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/pp.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/s.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/s.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ss.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ss.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ss.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ng.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ng.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ng.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ch.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ch.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ch.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ch.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/chh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/chh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/chh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/cc.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/cc.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/h.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/h.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/h.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/h.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/cc.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/chh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ch.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ng.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ss.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/s.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/pp.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ph.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/p.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/m.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/l.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/r.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/tt.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/th.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/t.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/n.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kk.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/kh.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/k.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
3/51
out the sound. Tensed ones are difficult for beginners, and many
students take long time to acquire the correct pronunciation.
is similar to g as in god.
is similar to k as in sky.
is similar to k as inkill.
is similar to d as indo.
is similar to t as in stop.
is similar to t as intwo.
is similar to tt as in butter(not [t] but a flap like a Spanish [r]), in asyllable initial position.
is similar to l as in filling, in a syllable final () position.
is similar to b as in bad.
is similar to p as in spy.
is similar to p as inpool.
is similar to s as in astronaut.
is similar to s as insuit.
is similar to j as in jail.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
4/51
is similar to tz as in pretzel.
is similar to ch as in charge.
is similar to h as in hat.
2. Vowels ( )
Vowel Chart
Simple Palatalized labiovelarized
[a] [ya]
[ae] [yae]
[o^] [yo^]
[e] [ye]
[o] [yo] [wa]
[wae]
[oe]
[u] [yu] [wo^]
[we]
[ui]
[u^] [u^i]
[i]
dictionary order:
http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/a.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/a.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ya.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ya.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ya.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ya.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/e.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/e.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/e.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wa.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wa.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wa.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/oe.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/oe.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/oe.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/oe.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yu.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yu.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yu.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yu.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/we.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/we.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u%5Ei.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u%5Ei.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/i.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/i.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/i.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u%5Ei.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/we.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yu.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/u.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/oe.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/wa.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/e.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yo%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/o%5E.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/yae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ae.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/ya.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/phonemes/a.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
5/51
(,),, (,),, (,,),, (,
,),, (),
is similar to "Ah".
is similar to "yard".
is similar to "cut".
is similar to "just" or "Eliot".
is similar to "order".
is similar to " Yoda".
is similar to " Ungaro".
is similar to "you".
is similar to "good" or "le chatau".
is similar to "easy".
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
6/51
is similar to "add".
is similar to "yam".
is similar to " editor".
is similar to " yes".
is similar to " Wow!" or "what".
is similar to "wagon".
is similar to "Koeln".
is similar to " one".
is similar to " weather".
is similar to "we" or "Oui!".
Traditional vowel classification:
Traditionally, vowels are classified into three categories, thatis yang(bright), yin(dark), and neutral. This classification is veryimportant, for it will be used when we learn conjugation ofpredicates and some phonological aspects of Korean. Theclassification also principles the vowel-hamp3ony phenomenathat Korean has as a member of Altaic language family. Thecassification is as follows:
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
7/51
yang(bright)-- andseries(,,,,)
yin(dark) -- andseries(,,,,)
neutral -- and
3. How to make a character out of alphabet
Each character is designed to represent one syllable, thestructure of which may be described as (C)V(C), where C stands
for a consonant, and V does a vowel--(C) means that theconsonant in the position is optional.
(C) + V + (CC)
initialconsonant
vowelfinal consonant
(coda)
Some vowels are placed on the right side of the initial consonant; some
are placed underneath the initial consonant: Vowels,, (andtheir derivatives, i.e.,,,) are placed on the right; and
vowels,, are placed undersneath the initial consonant. Finalconsonants are always placed at the bottom.
E.g)
+ + = [kam]
+ + = [kuk]
+ + =
+ = [na]
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
8/51
+ = [hwa]
+ = [ae]
+ + = [ot]
+ + = [kot]
+ + = [kkot]
+ + = [pat]
+ + = [hu^(r)k]
+ + = [o^p]
+ + = [tto^(r)p]
NB) Final consonant
clusters:,,,,,,,,,,
Except for,,,,,,(ones with placedbefre another consonant), when followed by another consonant or
nothing, the second consonant of the cluster becomes silent.This second consonant will come alive when there is a vowel
after it.
= kap "price"
+ = kap kwa "price and"
+ = kapsi "price (with a subject particle)"
Final clusters with '+consonant' fomp3ation are pronounced with
slight irregularity. As for,,,,, the foregoing liquid sound
[] of the cluster is ignored when followed by another consonant or
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
9/51
nothing. This comes alive when the cluster is followed by anothervowel. However, Seoul speakers (and many other regions too) tend to
throw in a touch of liquid sound for the even when the cluster isfollowed by a consonant or nothing.
= sa(l)m "a living"
+ = sal mi "a living (with a subject particle)"
In clusters and, however, [] is alive even when followed byanother consosnant.
+ = kku^l k'o "boil and.."
Korean lessons: Lesson 3
Phonological notes
1. Syllable-final Consonants ():
1) Theoretically, any consonant can be in the (syllable final)
position. In reality, ,, andare not used as.
http://learnkorean.com/sound/l2/samp3.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/l2/samp3.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/l2/salmi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/l2/salmi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/l2/salmi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/l2/samp3.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
10/51
2) Some of the consonants merge into one sound when they are in thesyllable-final position. Orthographically, however, they remaindifferent. Summarized as follows:
consonantendings
sound examples
, [k] ,
[n]
,,,,, [t] ,,,,,all
pronounced as []
[l]
[m]
, [p] , both pronounced as
[]
[ng]
3) These merged sounds regain their original values when they arefollowed by a zero-initial syllable (i.e. vowel).
+ (topic/subject marker) = [kagi]
+ (place marker) = [puo^k`e]
+ (temporal marker) = [naje]
+ (place marker) = [nach`e]
+ (top./sub. marker) = [ibi]
+ (top./sub. maeker) = [ip`i]
2. Rules of Pronunciation
http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kak.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kak.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ktchn.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ktchn.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/eye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/eye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nat.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nat.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nat.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ssal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ssal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pom.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pom.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ip.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ip.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ip.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/yong.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/yong.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/yong.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ip.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pom.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ssal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nat.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/eye.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ktchn.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kak.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
11/51
2.1. Liason (carry-over)
1) Ais carried over by the following syllable when the following
syllable starts with a zero-initial.
ex)
[] []
[] []
[] []
2) The second part of a double
is carried over by the folowingsyllable when the following syllable starts with a zero-syllable.
ex)
[] []
[] []
[] []
2.2. Nasalization
When a final (non-nasal) consonant is followed by a nasal initial
(,), the non-nasal consonant absorbs the nasality, keeping its
place of articulation. Remember, '' in the initial position is not a
nasal consonant but a zero.
, ,,,,, / beforeor
,
ex)
http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuki.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuki.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuki.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuki.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/muni.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/muni.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/muni.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pabul.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pabul.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pabul.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/osi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/osi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/osi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/osi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/osi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pakke.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pakke.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pakke.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/anjayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/anjayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/anjayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ilgoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ilgoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ilgoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ilgoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/palbayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/palbayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/palbayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/haltayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/haltayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/haltayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/haltayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ulpoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ulpoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ulpoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/opsoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/opsoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/opsoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/opsoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ulpoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/haltayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/palbayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ilgoyo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/anjayo.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pakke.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/osi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/pabul.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/muni.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuki.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
12/51
[] [] []
2.3. Aspiration
When[h] is adjacent, a consonant is influenced and
aspirated.
/ before or after
ex)
[] []
[] []
2.4. Palatalization
Whenoris followed by[i], a paplatalization occurs.
[t] [ch]
[t`] [ch`] / before
ex)
[] [] []
2.5. Liquidation
http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kamnida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kamnida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kamnida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kamnida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nanmal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nanmal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nanmal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/mong_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/mong_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/mong_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/mong_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/mong_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/chota.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/chota.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/chota.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/chota.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/chota.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/norata.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/norata.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/norata.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/norata.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/saen_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/saen_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/saen_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/saen_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/midaji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/midaji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/midaji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/midaji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kachi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kachi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kachi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kachi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kachi.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kuji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/midaji.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/ipida.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/saen_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/norata.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/chota.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/mong_da.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/nanmal.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/kamnida.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
13/51
/before another
ex)
[] []
Korean lessons: Lesson 4Base forms and Stems
In a language, we find three basic ways of describing facts: description
of action, state, and identity. To describe an action, we use verbs. For
example, in English, we say "I eat lunch," which describes the action
('eating') of the subject ('I'). To describe a state, we use adjectives.When we say, "I am tall," it describes the state ('being tall') of the
subject ('I'). Describing an identity is relating one thing to another,
characterizing the property of the subject. To say "I am a student" is
characterizing a property of the subject ('I'), by identifying the subect as
a student. When we talk about facts that happened in the past, or a
something that will happen in the future, the story is not simple. In
English, if the your action of eating had happened in the past, you need
to use a different form of the verb, i.e., "I ate lunch." If you used to be
quite tall for your age in the past, but it is not the case now, you have to
say, "I was tall."
For similar reasons, we say, "I was a student." In order to
differentiate the mode of facts, such as tense, we make variation on the
http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/cholla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/cholla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/cholla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/cholla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/shilla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/shilla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/shilla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/shilla.mp3http://learnkorean.com/sound/13/cholla.mp37/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
14/51
predicates--in other words, verbs, adjectives, and noun phrases, etc. This
variation is called "conjugation." Like English, Korean also uses this
conjugation of predicates. Therefore, in a verb predicate, for example,
we see a part that is constant in all kinds of sentences, and the other part
that changes according to the modes of facts. (Think of "push, pushes,pushed, pushing..." in English. "Push" is the constant, where "-es", "-ed",
and "-ing" are alternating.) The constant part is called the 'stems'. The
conjugation in Korean is made by attaching different suffixes to the
stems.
stem mid-polite suffix
"to go/leave" (present tense)
"", a lexical verb stem, is attached with a mid-polite suffix "",
making a present-tense predicate. ("-" has more stories. We will learnthem later.) Subjects can be omitted in many simple everyday-
conversational sentences, as long as they are obvious by the context.
""thus can be used in the sense of "I go," "you go," or sometimes,"He goes," etc. With an intonation rising at the end ( ), it can be a
question, "Do you go (Are you leaving?)" or "Shall we go?", etc. It caneven be taken as an imperative sentence, "Go (Leave)!"
A stem is a part of a verb predicate, not a whole word. When we list it
in dictionaries, or refer to it as a word--just as when we say "to go" or
"to eat" as words--, we add "" at the end of a stem. Thus,
Stem + = Base Form
+ = (Base Form, "to go")
High-polite -
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
15/51
When addressing a senior (in terms of age or social ranking), a high-
polite stle of speech is used. "- " is a typical suffix of this style. A
simple "How are you?" is made as the following.
stem
"to be well"
high-polite suffix
(present tense)
"" is a stem, the base form of which is "". Apart from
the politeness of the style, "-" can be used you use "", as in "Yougo (Please leave)" or "Do you go (Are you leaving)?", "He/She goes", or
"Does he/she go", etc. However, you may not want to use it when the
subject is you, the subject. For the added politeness by "--" is for the
subject, not the addressee, whereas "-" is for the addressee, as it isused in the mid-polite style.
Practice
Using the given words, make different sentences as seen in the key.
1. [verbs] --- (to meet), (to sleep), (to buy), (to
ride), (to dig)
(togo):
. .I/you go. He/she
goes.
? ?Do you go? Does
he/she go?
! ! Please go!
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
16/51
2. [adjectives] --- (to be expensive), (to be salty), (tobe cold)
(to be cheap) :. It's cheap.
? Is it cheap?
3. '-' verbs andadjectives
(adj.) (to be healthy)
(verb) (to
study), (to work)
(adj.) (to bewell):
? Are you well (How areyou)?
(verb) (to do) : ? Do you do (it)?
! Do (it)!
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
17/51
Korean lessons: Lesson 5
Nominal predicates : "-- "
Sample Dialogues
By 'nominal predicate', we mean a predicate of a sentence that describes the subject
by identifying it with another noun: "I am a student." For verbs and adjectives, we
learned that there are base forms and stems. We thus get base forms, "" for
"to go", and "" for "to be cheap", etc. Now, we are facing a new problem.If there is no such thing as the English verb "to be", how are we going to say such
sentences as "I am a student"? Many languages lack the verb like "to be," which
can be used both in nominal predicates and adjectival predicates. ("I am a student"and "I am tall".) In order to relate two nouns (i.e., the subject and the nominal
complement), such languages use so-called 'copula'. In Korean, that copula is "-
". "-" is of course the base form, which still has to be conjugated to
be used in actual sentences. Hence, "" ("to be a student");
"" ("to be clouds").
True stories of the present-tense suffix - and -
InLesson 4, - and - were introduced. It was, however, not exactlyeverything that we should know about them.
1) Mid-polite suffix -/
Verbs and adjectives that we practiced with for - suffix in Lesson 4have
something in common: they all have the stem ending in vowel ? without anypatch'im followed ('', '', '', etc.) Those whose stems endotherwise, should take either - or -. The last vowel of the stem decides
which of the two to take. Once again, the vowel harmony principle ('yang withyang; yin with yin') applies:
http://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson5dlg.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson5dlg.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson5dlg.asp7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
18/51
If the stem has a yang vowel at the last syllable, use -;
If the stem has a yin or neutral vowel at the last syllable, use -.
(For yang/yin/neutral vowels, seeLesson 2.)
to be small
: + -
"It's small." or "He/She is
small."?
to come
: + -
() "Come!" or "I come" or
"He/She comes."
[]to be alright
: +
-
[]"It's OK."
to give
: + -
() "Give (me, etc.)!" or "I give."
to eat
:
+ -
"Eat!" or "I eat." or "He/Sheeats."
[]to read
: + -
[]"Read!" or "I read." or "He/She
reads."
In fact, is a contraction [ + - ()
], so are the others inLesson 4.
(NB) - verbs and adjectives are rather peculiar. For them, -is
assumed instead of -. This may sound quite overwhelming, but -
http://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson2.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson2.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson2.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.htmhttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.htmhttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.htmhttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson4.htmhttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson2.asp7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
19/51
words are in fact easier. All the - stems with no exception appear as
-.
to work
to study
to be nice (person)
2) High-polite suffix -()
Although not so complicated as -/, this suffix also has its own rules:
If the stem ends without a patch'im, use -;
If the stem ends with a patch'im, use -
.
: +
to laugh : +
: +
: +
[]
""
Finally, we arrive the detail structure of ". XXX(name)." Since
personal names are the same as nouns, we use the nominal-predicate copula, -
. In order to make it into a real sentence, we need to add either -or -
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
20/51
in place of the base-form making -after --. Foris a neutral vowel, -
is added. -had gone through a certain phonological change in
modern Seoul speakers' speech, and ended in -.
+ -"I am Oh YoungKyun."
Similarly,
:"I am / You are a student" or "He/She is a student"
:"It's a train."
There are two forms to spell this -: -and -. As far as we areconcerned, just -suffice.
Korean lessons: Lesson 6
Subject marker: - /
As mentioned in Lesson 1, Korean is an agglutinating language. It
means that Korean uses little grammatical devices attached to words to
specify their roles in a sentence. English is not an agglutinating
language, employing rather a fixed word order and prepositions in order
to specify the role of each part.
A subject of a sentence is the agent (doer) of the action described by the
sentence. Assuming that a state of being can also be treated as an action,
a subject can take any kind of predicate, i.e., a verbal, an adjectival, or a
nominal predicate. Think of "S goes," "S is bad," and "S is a man." In
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
21/51
each case, S is the subject. To mark this subject, Korean attaches
either or to it. - is used when the subject word ends without a
final consonant (patch'im), whereas - is for those ending without afinal consonant.
Only nouns can be subjects in Korean, such is the case in English. In
other words, when you see a part of a sentence attached with - or -,you will know that it must be a noun. However, you might hear
sometimes people say sentences without using subject markers -
/ for subjects. It is because the sentences were simple and aconversational reality is presumed. For these sentences, subject markers
can be replaced by a short pause. In sentences the structure of which is
complex, or in written forms, the markers should be specified.
Finally, we get a sentence meaning, "The embassy is far."
Now, let's look at some more examples.
subjectpredicate
. These pants are comfortable.
. The train is coming.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
22/51
. The teacher is laughing.
.That (over there) is a school.
. This is a bear.
Use the following pairs of words to make sentences in mid-poite style.
Don't forget to use subject markers, and to translate each sentence, as
given in the above examples.
subject predicate
1. (this person) (friend)
2. (rose) (to be expensive)
3. (water) (to be cold)
4. (tree) (to be good)
5. (that person) (to be healthy)
6. (money) (to be many/much)
7. (baby)
8. (this [thing]) (hat; cap)
9. (here; this place)
10.
(to be small)
11. (studying) (to be dislikable)
12. (car) (to come)
13. (to work)
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
23/51
_________________________________________
Korean lessons: Lesson 6: Answer
1.. This is a friend.
2.. Roses are expensive.
3.. The water is cold.
4.. Trees are good. (I like trees.)
5.. That person is healthy.
6.. There are a lot of money.
7.. The baby is healthy.
8.. This is a hat.
9.. There (or, this) is a school.
14. (home) (where)
15. (who)
16. (book) (to be cheap)17. (America)
18. (this computer) (to be okay)
19. (a younger sibling) (to sleep)
20. (homework)
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
24/51
10.. The pants are small.
11.. Studying is dislikable. (I hatestudying.)
12. (
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
25/51
as possible while discussing it.] An object in a sentence is the thing or aperson that receives the action (described by the verb) from the subject. Aswe know, the subject is the doer (agent) of the action that the verbdescribes.
In this sentence, the doer of eating is "friend ('my' is assumed)," and therecipient of the action ("eating") is "lunch." As you might have noticedalready, not every sentence will have both subject and object. Only thosesentences containing verbs that take objects will. Let us think about Englishfor a moment, in order to understand this grammatical terminology. InEnglish grammar, the verbs that take objects are called 'transitive verbs.'For example, "to eat" is a transitive verb, since there must be something
that is eaten (that is, receives the action). Similarly, you have a group ofverbs that are transitive and another that are intransitive. Such verbs as"love, buy, drink, see, understand, choose, find..." are transitive. (Whatthese verbs have in common is that you can say "to [verb] something /someone.") Such verbs as "go, sit, stay, die, come..." are intransitive. Youhandle an object in an English sentence simply by placing it AFTER theverb.
A dog
subject
bites
verb predicate
a person.
object
If you switch the positions of the subject and the object, you get acompletely different meaning.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
26/51
A person
subject
bites
verb predicate
a dog.
object
Now, let's go back to Korean. We know that the predicate must be placedat the of a sentence. Thus, both subject and object should come before theverb (predicate), and such change of meaning depending on the wordorder is less likely to happen. A subject does not necessarily come beforethe object in a Korean sentence. What clarifies the meaning, therefore, isthe particle, i.e., subject/object markers. (Linguists usually call them Casemarkers.)
subject "a person"
object "a dog"
.
verb predicate "bite"
"A person bites a dog."
-and -are subject and object markers, respectively. Since the subject
and object are labeled with markers, there is no possibility of confusion, aslong as you keep them together.
object "a dog"
subject "a person"
.
verb predicate "bite"
"A person bites a dog."
The meaning can only change when you switch the markers.
object "a person"
subject "a dog"
.
verb predicate "bite"
"A dog bites a person."
Oftentimes, a subject is simply not said in Korean when it is understood.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
27/51
A:? (Who does the dog bite?)
B: . ([It] bites a person.)
As you might have noticed, the difference between -
and -
is purelyphonological: when the previous syllable ends with a consonant (patch'im),
use -; with a vowel (no patch'im), use -.
You are given two nouns and one transitive verb in each line. Combinethem into a sentence, assuming that the first noun is the subject and the
second is the object. Be sure to conjugate the verb with -, -, -
(), when needed.
Key
,
(friend)
,
(television)
(watch,see)
.
([My] friend watches TV.)
1.(boy friend),(book),(buy)
2.(father),(newspaper), (read)
3.(student), ,
4.(girl friend),(movie),(like)
5.(grandmother), (money),(give)
6.(child), (lunch),(eat)
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
28/51
7.,,(meet)
8.(uncle),(English),(study)
9.
,
(Korean),
10.(mother),,
Korean lessons: Lesson 7: Answers
1.,,. [My] boyfriend buys abook.
2.,,. [My] father reads
the newspaper.
3.,,. A student reads a book.
4.,,. [My]girlfriend likes movies.
5.,,. [My] grandmother givesmoney.
6.,,. The child eats lunch.
7.,,. [My] friendmeets her boyfriend.
8.,,. [My] uncle studiesEnglish.
9.,,. [My]girlfriend studies Korean.
10.,,. [My] mothermeets her friend.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
29/51
Korean lessons: Lesson 8
Who, What, Where?
Q: ?
Whois it?
A: .
It's Sun-i.
Q: ?
Whomare you meeting?
A: .
I meet sun-i.
Q: ?
Whatis it?
A: .
It is an apple.
Q: ?
Whatdo you like?
A: .
I like apples.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
30/51
Q: ?
Whereis it?
A: .
It is in Seoul.
Q: ?
Whereare you going?
A: .
I go to Seoul.
who
(often >) what
where
These words are pronouns. They need particles to be specified fortheir functions, such as subject, object, adverbial, etc. Although we
have not discussed it in detail, let us learn -and -, object markers.
-is used when there is a final consonant (patch'im) preceding;
whereas
is for elsewhere. Note that
(where) is also a noun(pronoun), while "where" in English is not.
sub. obj.
what (= ) (=)
who (>)
where
E.g.
? What is difficult?
? Who is coming?
? lit. Where is hurting? (Which part of
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
31/51
your body is hurting?)
? What do you learn?
? Whom are you meeting?
? Where do I hit?
For similar reasons, -is needed afterin the above dialogues.
-is a marker that functions like the preposition ('in' or 'to') in English,
though they are placed after the noun they work with.
in Seoul = (Seoul+ in)
We will discuss this in detail later.
Korean lessons: Lesson 9
This 'n that, here 'n there --, --, --
,, and are demonstrative modifiers for nouns.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
32/51
+thing +person +place
this
that over there
that
Q-word (what) (who) (where)
When the referent (an object or a person) is close to the speaker, it is
referred to as--. When it is closer to the listener than to the speaker, it
is referred to as
--. If it is rather distant from both parties, it is referredto--. The only thing that is different from the case in English would
be that what is referred to with-- should be in thesight of thespeaker.
? .
? .
? .
?.
?.
? .
? .
? .
? .
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
33/51
Using ('person') is not polite enough to refer to an older person.
You replace
with in such cases. Then, the predicate will have to changeaccordingly into high-polite
(with honorific infix --) style.
? .
? .
? .
Korean lessons: Lesson 10
Styles of speech--a broad classification
1. or Polite speech
(non-polite style): the style of speech in which you speak to your friends (of
your age) or to people younger than you are. (polite style): the style in which you speak to your superiors or seniors.
Politeness of style can be demarcated into two criteria:
(1) whom you talk to -- Politeness is achieved by -/- or -
(2) whom you talk about -- Politeness is achieved by infix --.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
34/51
When you talk to someone, that person you are talking to could be older or
younger than you are; when you talk about a person to someone (of course, they
can either be different or identical), that person you are talking about can also be
older or younger than you are. Chon-dae mal concerns the proper handling of both
these criteria in speech. In addition to age, rank in various social relations also
dictates proper use of these speech styles.
Throughout these categories applies a supervening category of formality. This
category concerns the occasion where the conversation occurs. For example, the
formal style will be adopted more in work place, public speech, army, etc. ;
whereas the informal would better be used among close friends, family members,
and people in private relationship. However, in many cases, the consistency of
formal/informal speech style is not really strict. In other words, you may feel free
switch back and forth between formal and informal style within a conversation, aslong as you keep the consistency of politeness.
We can summarize the above:
TOABOUT formal ending informal ending
TO
seniors
(polite)
ABOUT juniors or
self-/ -/
ABOUT seniors -() -()
TO
uniors
(plain)
ABOUT juniors or
self- -/
ABOUT seniors -() -()
This is a simple outline of endings. As we will learn later, there are other
grammatical details that may be needed according to tense, verb/adjective
differentiation, etc. There are also other supplementary devices, such as self-effacing pronoun for the first person ( instead of plain for 'I'), lexically
honorific words ( instead of for 'speech, words'), etc. , which will also be
discussed later.
Now let us see how we can make variation for same sentences. The following is in
informal style.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
35/51
(Talking to my friend) The teacher is coming to our house.
.
(Talking to my mother) The teacher is coming to our house..
(Talking to my younger sister) My friend is coming to our house.
.
(Talking to my mother) My friend is coming to our house.
.
Extensive variety in speech style is often the most overwhelming part when a
foreigner begins to learn Korean. It is known to be more complicated than in
Japanese. However, as much as it is hard to foreigners, it is not an easy matter to
native speaker. People in younger generations in Korea also experience difficulty
with proper use of speech style. (In fact, this is somehow related to the shifts that
happened in the Korean social structure. Speech style is a product of layers of
social/kinship relationship. Compared to traditional families where more than
three generations lived in one house or neighborhood, modern 'nuclear' families
offer very few opportunities for the children to practice different speech styles. )
2. or written style
literally means "written-language style," in which you write formal
documents, articles, papers in classes, and so on. As there are polite and non-polite
styles, we have polite formal style and non-polite formal style. They both have -
at the end.
polite formal ending -- -/
non-polite formal ending -- -/ (present-tense verb) or - (elsewhere)
Newspaper articles, academic papers, public announcement, and so forth, are
written in these styles. In fact, the non-polite is preferred in most written
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
36/51
documents over the polite, unless the document is by nature a dialogue (i. e. ,
announcement) aiming at actual readers.
The non-polite formal, from a native speaker's intuition, gives the impression of
self-addressing, which may explain why it is also used in diaries--something that
can be most informal. The style is also used frequently by a speaker toward others
in the same or younger age, as we saw in the chart above, and therefore we can call
it.
Korean lessons: Lesson 11
Numbers (I)
Two Sets of numbers
Two sets of numbers are in use in Korean: native Korean and Chinese-
based sets. The Chinese-based set transmitted to Korea long time ago,
probably with Chinese writing system, to settle in the language. It is also
the case in Japanese, and we see certain phonological similarity among
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
37/51
Chinese numbers and Chinese-based sets of Japanese and Korean
numbers.
Japanese Korean
one yi ichi il ()
two er ni i ()
three san san sam ()
four si shi sa ()
five wu go o ()
In fact, the Japanese and Korean sounds of Chinese numbers are quite
similar to those in many modern Chinese dialects, sometimes even moresimilar than modern Mandarin to them. The Chinese remnants in
Japanese and Korean, along with other Chinese dialects, reflect old
phases of Chinese language.
For the sake of our convenience, let us call these two sets 'Korean
numbers' and 'Chinese numbers.' Here are the two sets of 1 to 10.
Korean numbers Chinese numbers1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
38/51
There is no semantic difference between the two sets. Both '' and
'' means one. They differ according to when and how they are used.We will discuss this in the next lesson.
First, let us learn more about the Chinese numbers. Counting more than
ten observes the arithmetic principles. Take "12" and "20" for example.
12 is made of 10 and 2--there are other ways of making it, but this is
what the number stands for--. On the other hand, 20 stands for two tens.
Thus, the Chinese number has them:
12 = 10 + 2
20 = 2 x 10
Chinese numbers under 100
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
39/51
Tens, hundreds, thousands . . .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
tens
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
hundred
s
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
thousan
ds
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10
thou.
10,00
0
20,00
0
30,00
0
40,00
0
50,00
0
60,00
0
70,00
0
80,00
0
90,00
0
100
thou.
100,0
00
200,0
00
300,0
00
400,0
00
500,0
00
600,0
00
700,0
00
800,0
00
900,0
00
millions
1 mil.
2 mil.
3 mil.
4 mil.
5 mil.
6 mil.
7 mil.
8 mil.
9 mil.
10 mil.10
mil.
20
mil.
30
mil.
40
mil.
50
mil.
60
mil.
70
mil.
80
mil.
90
mil.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
40/51
100
mil.
100
mil.
200
mil.
300
mil.
400
mil.
500
mil.
600
mil.
700
mil.
800
mil.
900
mil.
Notice that 'one hundred', 'one thousand', etc. are not '', '', etc.
Now, let us see how these work.
168:
250:
7,892:
980,768,543:
Some examples in the usage of Chinese numbers.
Money: (12,000 won), (3,500 dollar)
Phone number: 238-7834 ()
Room/APT Number: Room 305 ()
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
41/51
Korean lessons: Lesson 13
Locative markers - and -
So far, we have used - as a marker indicating a place. We now have a
new location marker: - . The meaning of - is 'in', used after a
noun, like a postposition (the opposite concept to English 'preposition'). Forexample:
. I work at a bank.
Now it becomes quite puzzling how - and - are different.
(1) Meaning of 'in (or at/on)'
- indicates the place of a state of being (,,, etc.)
- indicates the place of an action (,,,, etc.)
NB) is rather peculiar, being used with both - and - . No
apparent semantic difference is noticed, except that -
with induces more vivid image of 'life' than simple 'dwelling'.
(2) With directional predicates ( , , , etc.)
- means 'to'.
- means 'from'.
NB) (to put) and (to sit) also use - because these verbs are
recognized to be directional.
. Mr. Kim came from Korea.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
42/51
We may understand that - still keeps the meaning of 'in' and that it is
the directionality implied by the predicate that produces the sense of 'from'.In the above example, although Mr. Kim may not be in Korea at the timethat the sentence is spoken, his action of 'coming' must have
started inKorea.
The following table summarizes what we have discussed above.
- -
state
( , , )
in ( at)
x
directional
( , , )
to
from
action
( , , ,
etc.)
x
in ( at)
x indicates that the respective marker is not used with the predicates.
Sample Practice
Korean lessons: Lesson 13: Practice
Locative Markers - Practice
Practice the following. Fill in the blanks with either - or - , and
translate the sentences. (Answers are given below.)
1. ______?
2. ______ ?
http://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson13prct.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson13prct.asphttp://learnkorean.com/lesson/lesson13prct.asp7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
43/51
3.______. ( : library)
4.______. ( : now)
5.______. ( : Japan)
6.______ . ( : tomorrow)
7.______ ?
8. ______. ( : room)
9.______. ( : class room)
10.______ .
11.______. (: we/our,:
cat, :bed)
12. I work at a bank.
13. goes to the bathroom. (bathroom: )
14. goes to a college this year. (this year: )
15. I eat dinner at a Korean restaurant. (restaurant: )
16. buys a radio at Best Buy. (radio: )
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [In which school do you study?]
---- "To study" is an action.
2. or [Where do you live?]
---- "To live" can be understood either as action or as state. This is
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
44/51
an unusual case due to the two different, but subtle, modes of "living."
Combined with, it sounds to be asking the place where the action
of living--eat, sleep, go to work, pay bills, etc.--takes place, whereas
with, simply asking the place of residence.
3. [My girl friend is at the library.]
---- "Being" is a state.
4. [I am going to the library now.]
---- "To go" is directional.
5. [A friend is coming from Japan.]
---- gives the origin of "coming".
6. [I am watching a movie at a theater tomorrow.]
---- "Watching a movie", though it may not be very 'active', is anaction.
7. [Where is the theater?]
---- Again, "being" is a state.
8. [My older brother is reading a book in the room.]
---- "Reading" is an action.
9. [The teacher is not in the class room.]
---- "", same as " ", is a state.
10. [The book is not in this room.]
---- " (not existing)" is also a state.
11. [Our cat sleeps in the bed.]
---- "To sleep" may not be an active thing to do, but counts as anaction.
12. .
13. .
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
45/51
14. .
15. .
16. .
Korean lessons: Lesson 12
Numbers (II)
Native Korean Numbers
Another set of numbers are of native Korean numbers. They areindigenous in Korean, possibly stemmed through a different route from thatof the Chinese-based set. Although they used to have a complete systemof native numbers that can go up to three digits (or more), they now onlyuse the numbers up to two digits (99). The formation of numbers is quitesimilar to that of English numbers in the sense that you have a set ofnumbers for single digits (1-10) and another set for tens (10-90).
Numbers and formation
Single digits
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Nativenumbers
Ten, twenty, thirty....
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
46/51
1020 30 40 5060 70 80 90 100
Native numbers
The formation is quite simple:
15 = 10+5
21 = 20+1
87 = 80+7
Using with counters and measure words
Such formation as "five birds," however, is not directly applicable in Korean.When you speak of a thing with its amount, the proper formation should be
the following:
**Noun + number + counter**
noun + number + counter
(bird)
(five)
(counter for animals)
Thus, an expression like "" is not used in Korean. It may remind
you of such expressions as "two bottles of wine" in English. It is necessaryin English to specify the measure unit when it comes to uncountable nouns,such as 'water,' 'coffee,' etc. In Korean, this is applied to all nouns. Doesthis mean that they have different counters for all nouns and that you haveto memorize all of them? Probably. Do not panic, though, for there are acertain number of counters that are more frequent and common than the
others, and you could strat by learning them and then move on to the rest.
There is yet another issue of when to use Chinese numbers and when touse native Korean numbers. This will be discussed in the next lesson.
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
47/51
100 most used verbs
to eat
to drink
to sleep
to wake up / to get up
to work
to rest / relax
to see / to watch
to sit
to say / to speak
to talk
to make a phone call
to walk
to run ,
to sing a song
to drive
to fly
to exercise
to play an instrument / game /
to teach
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
48/51
to learn
to study
to practice
to do
to pay / turn in
to think
to hear / listen
to read
to write
to know
to not know
to go
to come
to go into / enter
to come into / enter
to go out / leave
to come out / leave
to return from
to transfer to
to cross
to go down
to come down
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
49/51
to go up
to come up
to ride / to get in
to get off
to travel
to arrive
to leave
to depart
to live
to die
to kill
to love
to laugh / smile
to cry
to believe
to promise
to tell a lie
to like
to dislike / hate
to need
to take / carry ,
to bring ,
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
50/51
to make
to buy
to sell
to give
to receive
to lend
to borrow
to open
to close
to start
to end / be over
to meet up with
to hang out / to play
to become
to move to a new home
to reserve
to order food
to cut
to take a photo
to look for / find
to marry
to put on clothes
7/29/2019 Pronunciation Tips.docx
51/51
to take off clothes
to clean
to cook
to turn on / switch on
to turn off / switch off
to be careful / watch out
to show
to prepare
to worry
to wait
to press
to choose / select
to congratulate
to ask
to visit
Top Related