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Philosophy and Rhetoric, V. 42, N. 2, 2009C 2009 T P S U, U P, PA
A A L, C , R T
Fabrizio Macagno and Douglas Walton
A . A
j, ( J 2005) - , . T , , , -, . M fi , , . B -
, .
analogy in legal reasoning
A ( H2005). T ,
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fi . T fi (W 2005, 92). I , - fi .
T ff ff , ff . W K ff , A W , . T ,
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.T fl.
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j (A, opics, I, 5). T - , ( W, R, M2008). F , fi (W, R, M 2007, 9; H 1963, 3652;K 1992, 25052; W 2006, 129):
Definition Premise Classification Premise Conclusion
a F. F x, F, x fi G ( G F).
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. T fl ( , fl).
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;
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, ,
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I fi . I , , . T fi fl A - . G j A ( j) B ( ) A B, A, B. O , - j fi ff. F , A , B , , (). T fi ff ()
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T, A T .
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:
M P.S M ( , , . . .).
T S P.
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I , M S ff , q . H, M S , . T , , , relative to some unstated properties.
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)] (C- 1,2,. . .
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I , fi , ; fi , . T , , .
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3. x, y H.4. T F, G. . . ffi
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Lloyd Weinreb
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(2005, 71). T , , . T , , . W B , 4 (2005, 29):
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A
I .O ff .O .
I , , , , . T ,
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fi. T . F , TeSophist, . T , , , , , , , , , , . S, , , (P, Sophist, 233E). T . T , j. T :
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T j .
Aristotle on Analogy, Example, and Illustration
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A 4 , , . F , , , ff; , , . T ff .
E, , , , , , , , , (A, Rhetoric, I, 2, . 21).
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L A , B , C A T, D T P. I A T , fi . E
, .. T P. A , A T , A T .(A, Prior Analytics, II, 24; 68386919)
H j, C D, , . I (B), ,
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j D, j C. W , j :
I fi. I (A), , j (D), W T P. I (B) j (D)
j . I , (-) . I fi. T A
T (C) , j , .
A , , , . T fi -
. I , . A :
W fi ffi ; j ; , . . . . (Rhetoric, II, , 4, . 166)
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167
I A .T . H, j (D) , j , .
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: . I , . (opics, IV, 4)
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. W q :
P- P-
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G- P G
R , , . T ff
. I :
- , , . (opics, V, 7)
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T . P, , ( ). F , . I , . S fi fi j, j. T ff j.
T ff . I , , (opics, V, 7). F ,A x B y. I , q . H, q: , , .
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, ,
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.
R Rhetoric :
A ; I , , , . A T, , ,D , S C,
, - ? (A, Rhetoric, II, XIII, 17, . 186)
T . T . A fi : . I , - ,
. O , . I , fi.A , ( ). A , , fi. T , , . T , . T
:
G G
S G
C M
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T ff - . F , , .
modern theories on arguments from exampleand analogy
T
. T ff ,, ff . M - , .
R ff . O , W (1859), P O- (1969), C J (1992), W(1984) .I , C J
, W , , , . O , G, W, G . T fl q . G . S ff a priori , . E a priori , . T ( W ); fl . T J (2005). O , G, W - (W 2001, 2012):
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171
Deductive (Goviers a priori) Analogy
1. W a.2. T -
a C.
3. C b (b fi C).
4. T, q b.
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5. T, E k.
W
(2001, 206). F , W , .
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2, f
n.
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2, f
n.
3. a b fi f
n+1.
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, ff j fi . W , . A , G ; ( A 2007). M, , G , :
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, .
T - . T . S, ff . T ff 4 5, .
similarity, genus, and relevance
T : , -, -. I - , . I ( fi ) ( R G 2006), . O , -
j . Dfi ( ) ( , , j ) j. F , , , , . G (, ) ( ) : , , , .
Dfi, , fi, fi ff. F , fi 18 U.S.C.S. 924()(3) ff , , . I fi , , fi ff . I , fi, , . I - ,
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, ,
173
fi . G fi fi. T , , j - , fi .
A . O -fi , fi, ff () (, q,.). F , :
O , .
I , ff. H, . T , , . I .
O , -. I fi , () fi ff , , .I , -, , j. I , - , , . T :
Example Analogy
Ix A, y A. Ix A, y B.
x y G. (x A) (y B) .
x A. T (x y) (A B).
EGA. x A.
y A. y B.
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A . I A, . I A - , . I , , C (opics, III):
A , : I , ,
q ,
, , , - q , .
T , :
A U.S. - - Y
q. (C P 1982, 137)
I , , . I , .
W , . I , W 1.4. S . T - (P 2006). I , , - . T j .
T , ff , j.
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, ,
175
T - - (CBR). I - , ( L 1996). W fi ( A 1991), , ffi j . I , , (A 1991, 758):
1. ,
;2.
;3. , .
T . T CBR . I , ,
, , .(B A 2003). ; , . T . F ( ) . I , - - ( L 2003,199; B A 2003).
I , , , :
F , .(C, De Inventione, I, 47)
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H j fi . H . I, . C- fi fi . T fi fi- .
weakness and fallaciousness
O, q . A , - . I , q . H, . I - , .
R q . T , (M K1968), (C J 1992). I B , (1990, 12, 13):
T j P S-j (PS), , P(P), j , A (A)
j, S (S).
Scheme Example
P 1: PS A S1. . .S. T .
P 2:A P. A .
C: S PS P. T, .
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, ,
177
I , B P PS A.I P , . I, , P P, (B 1990, 19; - , M 1959). A J B (1983). I , j q (100).
I , , , . F , , j. I , j. T ( ) j, , .
A , q ,
, , , . T , . T j G fi G . I , j fi.F , Fairbanks Soap Co. vs. Sheppard, S, , F $9800. W , , - , S . I , . T , Dakin & Co. vs. Lee, ff ,
(Fairbanks Soap Co. vs. Sheppard [1953] 2D.L.R.193 [S.C.C.], 117).
T Dakin & Co. vs. Lee . T ,
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D C : , (HDakin & Co. Ltd v Lee1 KB 866 [1916], q FairbanksSoap Co. vs. Sheppard[1953] 2D.L.R. 193 [S.C.C.]):
; , . C - fi
, j ?
T fi - , . H, : .S , .
A
. I , , , fi . T j fi fi . T fi, fi j. F , :
T -fi , - . Sfi
- . B , ff, . I
, , q , q . T ff
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, ,
179
. H - 40 . G
. (L, G, 1989, 248)
H fi .
conclusion
R
. T ff. H, , - , j .L A-A ;
. T . H(2005)
. Cq, - , , . A - fi , - . T ,
.
Department of LinguisticsCatholic University of Milan
Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric
University of Windsor
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notes
1. J (2005) , ff
.
2. T fi q:
. O ,
, . T
. T
(W 2005, 112-13).
3. I fi ,
,
j fi : fi (opics, I, 18).
4. L , fi, ff ,
A:B = C:D (.. j ,
j ), A A B, C D (..
, , , ).
P ;
, . W
,
, .. ;
, (opics, I, 17).5. I , (opics, I, 18).
6. . (2009). IEncyclopdia Britannica. R J 08, 2009, E-
B O: ://../EB//22465/
7. T J (2005)
H (2005).
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