PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts &
Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Chapter
1 Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Biology: Exploring Life 2015 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Slide 2
Introduction Snowy owls exhibit adaptations for life in their
frozen, barren habit, including feathers that provide insulation in
subzero weather and keen vision and acute hearing that help owls
locate prey. Snowy owls are the result of evolution, the process
that has transformed life from its earliest beginnings. 2015
Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 3
Figure 1.0-1
Slide 4
T HEMES IN THE S TUDY OF B IOLOGY 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY
Slide 5
All forms of life share common properties How can we
differentiate Life from Non-Life?
Slide 6
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Order
Slide 7
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Reproduction
Slide 8
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Growth and development
Slide 9
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy processing
Slide 10
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Regulation
Slide 11
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Response to the environment
Slide 12
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Evolutionary adaptation
Slide 13
Sea Horses Notice the Evolutionary adaptation to their
environment
Slide 14
life exhibits a hierarchy of organization, as you move up this
hierarchy, new properties emerge at each level 2015 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Slide 15
Biosphere Florida Ecosystem Florida Everglades Community All
organisms in this wetland ecosystem Population All alligators
living in the wetlands Organism an American alligator
Slide 16
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Organism an American alligator
Organ system Nervous system Nerve Spinal cord Brain Organ Brain
Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Organelle Nucleus
Molecule DNA Atom
Slide 17
Emergent properties are new properties that arise in each step
upward in the hierarchy of life from the arrangement and
interactions among component parts. 2015 Pearson Education,
Inc.
Slide 18
Cells are the structural and functional units of life Cells are
the level at which the properties of life emerge.
Slide 19
All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage
of materials between the cell and its surroundings and use DNA as
their genetic information. The structural characteristics of
cells
Slide 20
There are two basic forms of cells. 1.Prokaryotic cells were
the first to evolve, are simpler, and are usually smaller than
eukaryotic cells. 2.Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals,
fungi, and protists and are subdivided by membranes into various
functional compartments, or organelles, including a nucleus that
houses the DNA.
Slide 21
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Organelles Nucleus (membrane- enclosed)
DNA (throughout nucleus)
Slide 22
The functional characteristics of cells Systems biology is the
study of a biological system and the modeling of its dynamic
behavior, ranging from the functioning of the biosphere to the
complex molecular machinery of an organelle.
Slide 23
Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of
structure and function. Structure is related to function at all
levels of biological organization.
Slide 24
Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter
and energy Living organisms interact with their environments, which
include other organisms and physical factors. In most ecosystems,
plants are the producers that provide the food, consumers eat
plants and other animals, and decomposers act as recyclers,
changing complex matter into simpler chemicals that plants can
absorb and use. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 25
The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes: 1.the
recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil
through producers, consumers, and decomposers back to the air and
soil and 2.the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem,
entering as sunlight and exiting as heat.
Slide 26
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4-0 ENERGY FLOW Sun
Inflow of light energy Producers (plants) Chemical energy in food
Consumers (animals) Outflow of heat Leaves take up CO 2 from air;
roots absorb H 2 O and minerals from soil Decomposers such as
worms, fungi, and bacteria return chemicals to soil
Slide 27
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4-1 ENERGY FLOW Sun
Inflow of light energy Producers (plants) Chemical energy in food
Consumers (animals) Outflow of heat Leaves take up CO 2 from air;
roots absorb H 2 O and minerals from soil Decomposers such as
worms, fungi, and bacteria return chemicals to soil
Slide 28
1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes. Genes are the
unit of inheritance that transmit information from parents to
offspring, are grouped into very long DNA molecules called
chromosomes, and control the activities of a cell. 2015 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Slide 29
1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
A species genes are coded in the sequences of the four kinds of
building blocks making up DNAs double helix. All forms of life use
essentially the same code to translate the information stored in
DNA into proteins. The diversity of life arises from differences in
DNA sequences. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 30
Figure 1.5-0 Nucleus DNA Cell CG CG CG CG CG CG CG CG C G AT AT
AT AT AT AT AT A T
Slide 31
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5-1 Nucleus DNA Cell CG
CG CG CG AT AT
Slide 32
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5-2 CG CG CG CG C G AT AT
AT AT AT A T
Slide 33
1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism
inherits is called its genome. In recent years, scientists have
determined the entire sequence of nucleotides in the human genome.
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 34
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains We
can think of biologys enormous scope as having two dimensions.
1.The vertical dimension is the size scale that stretches from
molecules to the biosphere. 2.The horizontal dimension spans across
the great diversity of organisms existing now and over the long
history of life on Earth. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 35
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
Diversity is the hallmark of life. Biologists have identified about
1.8 million species. Estimates of the actual number of species
range from 10 million to over 100 million. Taxonomy is the branch
of biology that names species and classifies species into a
hierarchy of broader groups: genus, family, order, class, phylum,
and kingdom. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 36
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
The diversity of life can be arranged into three higher levels
called domains. 1.Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread
prokaryotes. 2.Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earths
extreme environments. 3.Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include
single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, animals, and
plants. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-1 Domain Bacteria
Bacteria
Slide 39
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-2 Domain Archaea
Archaea
Slide 40
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-3 Domain Eukarya
Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom
Animalia
Slide 41
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-4 Protists (multiple
kingdoms)
Slide 42
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-5 Kingdom Plantae
Slide 43
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-6 Kingdom Fungi
Slide 44
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6-7 Kingdom Animalia
Slide 45
E VOLUTION, THE C ORE T HEME OF B IOLOGY 2015 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Slide 46
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
Evolution can be defined as the process of change that has
transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the
diversity of organisms living today. The fossil record documents
that life has been evolving on Earth for billions of years and the
pattern of ancestry. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 47
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life In 1859,
Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection, which articulated two main points. 1. Species
living today descended from ancestral species in what Darwin called
descent with modification. 2. Natural selection is a mechanism for
evolution.
Slide 48
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 49
Figure 1.7c-0
Slide 50
Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations.
1. Individual variation: Individuals in a population vary in their
traits, many of which are passed on from parents to offspring. 2.
Overproduction of offspring: A population can produce far more
offspring than the environment can support.
Slide 51
From these observations, Darwin drew two inferences. 1. Unequal
reproductive success: Individuals with heritable traits best suited
to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than
less well-suited individuals. 2. Accumulation of favorable traits
over time: As a result of this unequal reproductive success over
many generations, an increasing proportion of individuals in a
population will have the advantageous traits.
Slide 52
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Population with varied inherited
traits. 1
Slide 53
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Population with varied inherited
traits. 12 Elimination of individuals with certain traits and
reproduction of survivors.
Slide 54
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Population with varied inherited
traits. 123 Elimination of individuals with certain traits and
reproduction of survivors. Increasing frequency of traits that
enhance survival and reproductive success.
Slide 55
Darwin realized that numerous small changes in populations as a
result of natural selection could eventually lead to major
alterations of species. The fossil record provides evidence of such
diversification of species from ancestral species.
Slide 56
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7e-0 Millions of years
ago Years ago 34245.52010 4 Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) Loxodonta
africana (Africa) Elephas maximus (Asia) Mammuthus Stegodon
Platybelodon Mammut Deinotherium
Slide 57
T HE P ROCESS OF S CIENCE 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 58
Science is a way of knowing that stems from our curiosity about
ourselves and the world around us. Science is based upon inquiry,
the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena.
Scientists typically make observations, form hypotheses, proposed
explanations for a set of observations, and test them.
Slide 59
Two types of data are frequently collected in scientific
investigations. 1. Qualitative data is descriptive. 2. Quantitative
data includes numerical measurements.
Slide 60
Scientists use two types of reasoning. 1.Inductive reasoning
makes generalizations based on collecting and analyzing a large
number of specific observations. 2.Deductive reasoning flows from
general premises to predicted and specific results.
Slide 61
We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. A common
example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, Why
doesnt a flashlight work? Two reasonable hypotheses are that 1.the
batteries are dead or 2.the bulb is burned out.
Slide 62
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8-1 Observation:
Flashlight doesnt work. Question: Why doesnt the flashlight work?
Hypothesis #1: Batteries are dead. Hypothesis #2: Bulb is burned
out.
Slide 63
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8-2 Observation:
Flashlight doesnt work. Question: Why doesnt the flashlight work?
Hypothesis #1: Batteries are dead. Hypothesis #2: Bulb is burned
out. Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem. Prediction:
Replacing bulb will fix problem. Test of prediction: Replace
batteries. Test of prediction: Replace bulb.
Slide 64
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8-3 Observation:
Flashlight doesnt work. Question: Why doesnt the flashlight work?
Hypothesis #1: Batteries are dead. Hypothesis #2: Bulb is burned
out. Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem. Prediction:
Replacing bulb will fix problem. Test of prediction: Replace
batteries. Test of prediction: Replace bulb. Results: Flashlight
doesnt work. Hypothesis is contradicted. Results: Flashlight works.
Hypothesis is supported.
Slide 65
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Scientists form and test
hypotheses and share their results An actual research project
demonstrates the process of science. Scientists began with a set of
observations and generalizations that poisonous animals are
brightly colored and imposters resemble poisonous species but are
actually harmless. They then tested the hypothesis that mimics
benefit because predators confuse them with the harmful
species.
Slide 66
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Scientists form and test
hypotheses and share their results The scientists conducted a
controlled experiment, comparing an experimental group consisting
of artificial king snakes and a control group consisting of
artificial brown snakes. The groups differed only by one factor,
the coloration of the artificial snakes. The data fit the key
prediction of the mimicry hypothesis. 2012 Pearson Education,
Inc.
Slide 67
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9B
Slide 68
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9C
Slide 69
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9D
Slide 70
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9E Coral snakes present
Artificial king snakes Artificial brown snakes 84% 0 20 40 60 80
100 Coral snakes absent 17% 16% Percent of total attacks on
artificial snakes 83%
Slide 71
A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis
and supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence. A
primary function of science is to Make and Use Theories.
Slide 72
B IOLOGY AND E VERYDAY L IFE 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 73
Evolution is connected to our everyday lives Humans selectively
breed plants and animals in the process of artificial selection to
produce move productive crops, better livestock, and a great
variety of pets that bear little resemblance to their wild
ancestors. 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 74
Humans also unintentionally cause the evolution of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the evolution of pesticide-resistant
pests, and the loss of species through habitat loss and global
climate change.
Slide 75
2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10
Slide 76
Biology, technology, and society are connected in important
ways Many issues facing society are related to biology and often
involve our expanding technology. The basic goals of science and
technology differ. The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena. The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge
for some specific purpose.
Slide 77
Although their goals differ, science and technology are
interdependent. Research benefits from new technologies.
Technological advances stem from scientific research. Technologies
of DNA manipulation are the results of scientific discovery of the
structure of DNA.
Slide 78
R EVIEW AND S TUDY 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 79
1.Describe seven properties common to all life. 2.Describe the
levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere,
noting the interrelationships between levels. 3.Define the concept
of emergent properties and describe an example of it. 4.Explain why
cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5.Compare the dynamics of
nutrients and energy in an ecosystem.
Slide 80
6.Explain how DNA encodes a cells information. 7.Compare the
three domains of life. 8.Describe the process and products of
natural selection. 9.Distinguish between quantitative and
qualitative data. 10.Compare the definitions and use of inductive
and deductive reasoning in scientific investigations.
11.Distinguish between a scientific theory and a hypothesis.
Slide 81
12.Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and give
an example. 13.Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all
humans. 14.Compare the goals of science and technology. Explain why
an understanding of science is essential to our lives. 2015 Pearson
Education, Inc.