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POPULATION OF THE 1ST OCCUPANTS
Around 1500
How North America was se9led:
Bering Strait Migra@on Theory • About 14000 to 16000 years ago,
people began to move very gradually from northeast Asia/Siberia into Alaska.
• They crossed the dry land connec@ng the two con@nents. This land connec@on is called a “land bridge”.
• They were following large animals such as mammoths, mastodons, elk and camels
• As the ice melted, this popula@on gradually spread throughout North America and moved on into Central and South America
Compare & Contrast
• Look at the picture to the leQ, What is another migra@on theory?
• Write down what we talk about…
There are 4 periods of se9lement: 1. Paleo-‐Indian(10000 to 8000 BCE)
– S@ll LOTS of ice – Southern areas of Québec begin to be inhabited by hunters looking for large game (e.g. caribou) . Travelled along waterways and mountain passes
2. Archaic period (8000 to 1000 BCE) – Weather and land became more stable…groups basically only moved to hunt
– Diets and tools became more useful – The various groups across NA started to trade w/ each other
– Pictures in colour on page 14 of textbook
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3. Woodland period (1000 to 1500 CE) – Inven@ons: bow and arrow, po9ery and agriculture – Hun@ng techniques got be9er – Cul@va@on of corn meant some groups would stay in one place longer. This lead to be9er-‐organized communi@es and sedentariza@on….which lead to villages
What does “sedentariza=on” mean?
4. Ar@c se9lement (2500 to 1500CE) – This group of ppl (different from those who se9led in the southern areas) adapted to a hos@le environment – Hunted sea mammals (seal, walrus, narwhal) – They had very developed hun@ng techniques and tools
3 Linguis@c Groups of Aboriginals
• Iroquoians
• Algonquins
• Inuit
Iroquois
• Includes the Huron and Mohawk Na@ons
• Matrilineal – why?
• Lived in longhouses in villages, surrounded by palisades in
Algonquins
• Includes the Abenaki, Innu and Maliseet
• Patrilinial – why?
• Lived in wigwams, semi-‐nomads
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Innu
• Live in far north
• Nomadic
• Patrilineal
• Live in wigwams
• Matrilineal
• Sedentary
• Longhouses
• Villages
• Relied on agriculture for subsistence
• Complex social & poli@cal organiza@on
Iroquoians • Patrilineal
• Nomadic
• Wigwams
• Small hun@ng groups & bands
• Relied on hun@ng & gathering for subsistence
• Pre9y basic poli@cal organiza@on
Algonquians • Patrilineal
• Nomadic
• Animal hide & igloo
• Small hun@ng groups & regional bands
• Relied on hun@ng and gathering for subsistence
• Very basic poli@cal organiza@on
Inuit Study @p…
M I S S P I N N P A N N
Popula@on prior to Europeans Natural Popula@on Growth
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Other important info…
• Throughout history, the First Na@ons and Aboriginal groups maintain links with each other through trade, conflict and military alliances
• When we get economy, we’ll talk more about what they traded and why
Ac@vity • Write a short text that explains the way of life of each of the 3 First Na@ons groups (I suggest 1 short paragraph for each group)
• In par@cular, you must address their way of life – Explain how all of the following are linked together for each group.
– matrilineal/patrilineal, nomadic/sedentary, complex/non-‐complex poli@cal system, where they lived on the territory, what type of house they lived in
ARRIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS (1600’S) &
THE BEGINNING OF THE FRENCH REGIME (1663)
Arrival of the First Europeans • The first groups of Europeans to come to North America
did NOT build las@ng se9lements
• Their goals for coming here varied • Some@mes their visit was considered a success and
some@mes it was seen as a failure
• The following groups are “first Europeans” to come here. You are expected to familiarize yourself with the group and the background info that I give you.
• The Scandinavians • Explorers – Car@er & Roberval • European fishers
Group 1 – the Scandinavians (aka Vikings)
• In about the year 1000, Vikings led by Eirik the Red explored the Atlan@c Coast and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence
• For a brief period they se9led at L”Anse aux Meadows, NFLD – They built homes, dwellings and raised livestock
– There was some trade with Aboriginals
• They leQ aQer a few years due to conflict with the Na@ves
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Group 2: Explorers
• In the 15th Century there were lots of developments in naviga@on – Caravel – Magne@c compass – Astrolabe
• Europeans REALLY wanted to find an Atlan@c route to Asia – Faster than the route around Africa – Bypass having to travel trough unsafe lands
• Explorers from England, Portugal and France came to North America
Jacques Car=er = 1of these explorers • France wanted to explore the “New
World” in order to build a colonial empire to compete with its European rivals
• In 1534, the King of France sent Car@er to the Americas – His goals were to: 1. Find a route to China 2. Bring back gold and other riches 3. Claim land for the King of France
• In total, he made 3 voyages
Car=er’s 3 Voyages Voyage 1: 1534 – he explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gaspe coast • He claimed land in the name of France • Failed to find any riches • Believed that the St. Lawrence might be a passage to Asia
• He met some Na@ves…he took some hostage and brought them back to France – They died in France
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h9p://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-‐museum-‐of-‐new-‐france/the-‐explorers/jacques-‐car@er-‐1534-‐1542/
Voyage 2: 1535 – sailed up the St. Lawrence River (which he named) • Reached Stadacona (QC City) and Hochelaga (Montreal)
• Na@ve showed Car@er and his men how to survive the winter & how to combat scurvy
• He found land that was suitable for agriculture • Heard there may be metals further up the river • Eventually rela@ons w/Na@ve became tense and the French leQ
h9p://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-‐museum-‐of-‐new-‐france/the-‐explorers/jacques-‐car@er-‐1534-‐1542/
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Voyage 3: 1541/2 – leQ France with 400 colonists, livestock and provisions and tried to se9le in Stadacona • Tried to build for@fica@ons around
his li9le “city” • Had brought priests with him to
convert the Na@ves • Believed he found gold and
diamonds…he didn’t • Rela@ons with the na@ves were
REALLY tense Stadacona Jacques Car@er's Return to Stadacona, 1541 (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/Acc. No. 1989-‐603-‐4).
Roberval’s Explora@ons
• The King of France also sent Roberval to the America’s in 1540 to set up a colony
• Roberval met up with Car@er in NFLD accidentally when Car@er was on his trip back to France in 1542. – Roberval wanted Car@er to go back to Stadacona with him but Car@er wanted to bring his “gold” back to France
• Roberval con@nued on to Stadacona with his 200 colonists – Winter was too difficult – there were food shortages and ppl died from scurvy
• They leQ and went back to France a.s.a.p. No se9lement was established
WHY Car@er and Roberval ma9er
• Because they claimed the land in the name of France
• Because they tried to make se9lements
• Europeans saw this territory as property of the French – This was guaranteed by the crosses planted by Car@er and his long stays in Canada
Group 3 – European Fishers • The Grand Banks of Canada are known for their fish…since 1497, there was talk of how much fish Canada had
• The “…cod appeared so thick that a person "could walk across their backs." That news opened the North West Atlan@c fishery, which helped feed the world for centuries to come.”
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Cabot Heritage Moment h9ps://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-‐minutes/john-‐cabot 1. Cabot's ini@al report on the cod stocks and
the impression he gave to England was that the fishery could never be depleted. Compare this assessment to the reality of today.
2. Can you think of other natural resources that may have seemed infinite?
3. How did Europeans view the resources of the new world at the @me and how did their mindset affect their use of natural resources and treatment of indigenous people.
Fishing = Our First Industry • Even though the se9lements were a failure, fishermen con@nued to come here
• Eventually they began to spend summers in the St. Lawrence Valley – This lead to trade rela@ons with the Inuit and Aboriginal ppl
– European Merchants were a9racted by the furs that the fishermen brought back with them
• Merchants began to organize trade expedi@ons to get more furs from the na@ves
Effect of Explora=ons on the St. Lawrence Iroquoians
• By the 1580’s there was a noted disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians who Car@er had met
• Historians explana@ons for this are: – De-‐se9lement as a result of illness due to the contact with Europeans
– Conflicts between Aboriginals – other Na@ve groups were upset that the Iroquoians were the preferred intermediaries in the fur trade
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