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POPULATION  OF  THE  1ST  OCCUPANTS  

Around  1500  

How  North  America  was  se9led:    

Bering  Strait  Migra@on  Theory  •  About  14000  to  16000  years  ago,  

people  began  to  move  very  gradually  from  northeast  Asia/Siberia  into  Alaska.  

•  They  crossed  the  dry  land  connec@ng  the  two  con@nents.    This  land  connec@on  is  called  a  “land  bridge”.  

•  They  were  following  large  animals  such  as  mammoths,  mastodons,  elk  and  camels  

•  As  the  ice  melted,  this  popula@on  gradually  spread  throughout  North  America  and  moved  on  into  Central  and  South  America  

Compare  &  Contrast  

•  Look  at  the  picture  to  the  leQ,  What  is  another  migra@on  theory?  

•  Write  down  what  we  talk  about…  

There  are  4  periods  of  se9lement:  1.  Paleo-­‐Indian(10000  to  8000  BCE)  

– S@ll  LOTS  of  ice  – Southern  areas  of  Québec  begin  to  be  inhabited  by  hunters  looking  for  large  game  (e.g.  caribou)  .  Travelled  along  waterways  and  mountain  passes  

2.  Archaic  period  (8000  to  1000  BCE)  – Weather  and  land  became  more  stable…groups  basically  only  moved  to  hunt  

– Diets  and  tools  became  more  useful  – The  various  groups  across  NA  started  to  trade  w/  each  other  

–  Pictures  in  colour  on  page  14  of  textbook  

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3.  Woodland  period  (1000  to  1500  CE)  – Inven@ons:  bow  and  arrow,  po9ery  and  agriculture  – Hun@ng  techniques  got  be9er  – Cul@va@on  of  corn  meant  some  groups  would  stay  in  one  place  longer.  This  lead  to  be9er-­‐organized  communi@es  and  sedentariza@on….which  lead  to  villages  

What  does  “sedentariza=on”  mean?  

4.  Ar@c  se9lement  (2500  to  1500CE)  – This  group  of  ppl  (different  from  those  who  se9led  in  the  southern  areas)  adapted  to  a  hos@le  environment  – Hunted  sea  mammals  (seal,  walrus,  narwhal)  – They  had  very  developed  hun@ng  techniques  and  tools  

3  Linguis@c  Groups  of  Aboriginals  

•  Iroquoians  

•  Algonquins  

•  Inuit  

Iroquois  

•  Includes  the  Huron  and  Mohawk  Na@ons  

•  Matrilineal  –  why?  

•  Lived  in  longhouses  in  villages,  surrounded  by  palisades  in    

Algonquins  

•  Includes  the  Abenaki,  Innu  and  Maliseet  

•   Patrilinial  –  why?  

•  Lived  in  wigwams,  semi-­‐nomads  

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Innu  

•  Live  in  far  north  

•  Nomadic  

•  Patrilineal  

•  Live  in  wigwams  

•  Matrilineal  

•  Sedentary  

•  Longhouses  

•  Villages  

•  Relied  on  agriculture  for  subsistence  

•  Complex  social  &  poli@cal  organiza@on  

Iroquoians  •  Patrilineal  

•  Nomadic  

•  Wigwams  

•  Small  hun@ng  groups  &  bands  

•  Relied  on  hun@ng  &  gathering  for  subsistence  

•  Pre9y  basic  poli@cal  organiza@on  

Algonquians  •  Patrilineal  

•  Nomadic  

•  Animal  hide  &  igloo  

•  Small  hun@ng  groups  &  regional  bands  

•  Relied  on  hun@ng  and  gathering  for  subsistence  

•  Very  basic  poli@cal  organiza@on  

Inuit  Study  @p…  

M  I  S  S    P  I  N  N    P  A  N  N  

Popula@on  prior  to  Europeans   Natural  Popula@on  Growth  

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Other  important  info…  

•  Throughout  history,  the  First  Na@ons  and  Aboriginal  groups  maintain  links  with  each  other  through  trade,  conflict  and  military  alliances  

•  When  we  get  economy,  we’ll  talk  more  about  what  they  traded  and  why  

Ac@vity    •  Write  a  short  text  that  explains  the  way  of  life  of  each  of  the  3  First  Na@ons  groups  (I  suggest  1  short  paragraph  for  each  group)  

 •  In  par@cular,  you  must  address  their  way  of  life  –  Explain  how  all  of  the  following  are  linked  together  for  each  group.  

–  matrilineal/patrilineal,  nomadic/sedentary,  complex/non-­‐complex  poli@cal  system,  where  they  lived  on  the  territory,  what  type  of  house  they  lived  in  

ARRIVAL  OF  THE  EUROPEANS  (1600’S)  &    

THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE    FRENCH  REGIME  (1663)  

Arrival  of  the  First  Europeans  •  The  first  groups  of  Europeans  to  come  to  North  America  

did  NOT  build  las@ng  se9lements  

•  Their  goals  for  coming  here  varied  •  Some@mes  their  visit  was  considered  a  success  and  

some@mes  it  was  seen  as  a  failure  

•  The  following  groups  are  “first  Europeans”  to  come  here.    You  are  expected  to  familiarize  yourself  with  the  group  and  the  background  info  that  I  give  you.  

•  The  Scandinavians    •  Explorers  –  Car@er  &  Roberval  •  European  fishers  

Group  1  –  the  Scandinavians  (aka  Vikings)  

•  In  about  the  year  1000,  Vikings  led  by  Eirik  the  Red  explored  the  Atlan@c  Coast  and  the  Gulf  of  the  St.  Lawrence  

•  For  a  brief  period  they  se9led  at  L”Anse  aux  Meadows,  NFLD  –  They  built  homes,  dwellings  and  raised  livestock  

–  There  was  some  trade  with  Aboriginals  

•  They  leQ  aQer  a  few  years  due  to  conflict  with  the  Na@ves  

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Group  2:  Explorers  

•  In  the  15th  Century  there  were  lots  of    developments  in  naviga@on  –  Caravel  –  Magne@c  compass  –  Astrolabe  

•  Europeans  REALLY  wanted  to  find  an  Atlan@c  route  to  Asia  –  Faster  than  the  route  around  Africa  –  Bypass  having  to  travel  trough  unsafe  lands  

•  Explorers  from  England,  Portugal  and  France  came  to  North  America  

Jacques  Car=er  =  1of  these  explorers  •  France  wanted  to  explore  the  “New  

World”  in  order  to  build  a  colonial  empire  to  compete  with  its  European  rivals  

•  In  1534,  the  King  of  France  sent  Car@er  to  the  Americas  –  His  goals  were  to:  1.  Find  a  route  to  China  2.  Bring  back  gold  and  other  riches  3.  Claim  land  for  the  King  of  France  

•  In  total,  he  made  3  voyages  

Car=er’s  3  Voyages  Voyage  1:  1534  –  he    explored  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Gaspe  coast  •  He  claimed  land  in  the  name  of  France  •  Failed  to  find  any  riches  •  Believed  that  the  St.  Lawrence  might  be  a  passage  to  Asia  

•  He  met  some  Na@ves…he  took  some  hostage  and  brought  them  back  to  France  – They  died  in  France  

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h9p://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-­‐museum-­‐of-­‐new-­‐france/the-­‐explorers/jacques-­‐car@er-­‐1534-­‐1542/  

Voyage  2:  1535  –  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence  River  (which  he  named)  •  Reached  Stadacona  (QC  City)  and  Hochelaga  (Montreal)  

•  Na@ve  showed  Car@er  and  his  men  how  to  survive  the  winter  &  how  to  combat  scurvy  

•  He  found  land  that  was  suitable  for  agriculture    •  Heard  there  may  be  metals  further  up  the  river  •  Eventually  rela@ons  w/Na@ve  became  tense  and  the  French  leQ  

h9p://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-­‐museum-­‐of-­‐new-­‐france/the-­‐explorers/jacques-­‐car@er-­‐1534-­‐1542/  

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Voyage  3:  1541/2  –  leQ  France  with  400  colonists,  livestock  and  provisions  and  tried  to  se9le  in  Stadacona  •  Tried  to  build  for@fica@ons  around  

his  li9le  “city”  •  Had  brought  priests  with  him  to  

convert  the  Na@ves  •  Believed  he  found  gold  and  

diamonds…he  didn’t  •  Rela@ons  with  the  na@ves  were  

REALLY  tense  Stadacona  Jacques  Car@er's  Return  to  Stadacona,  1541  (courtesy  Library  and  Archives  Canada/Acc.  No.  1989-­‐603-­‐4).  

Roberval’s  Explora@ons  

•  The  King  of  France  also  sent  Roberval  to  the  America’s  in  1540  to  set  up  a  colony  

•  Roberval  met  up  with  Car@er  in  NFLD  accidentally  when  Car@er  was  on  his  trip  back  to  France  in  1542.  – Roberval  wanted  Car@er  to  go  back  to  Stadacona  with  him  but  Car@er  wanted  to  bring  his  “gold”  back  to  France  

•  Roberval  con@nued  on  to  Stadacona  with  his  200  colonists  – Winter  was  too  difficult  –  there  were  food  shortages  and  ppl  died  from  scurvy  

•  They  leQ  and  went  back  to  France  a.s.a.p.  No  se9lement  was  established  

WHY  Car@er  and  Roberval  ma9er  

•  Because  they  claimed  the  land  in  the  name  of  France  

•  Because  they  tried  to  make  se9lements  

•  Europeans  saw  this  territory  as  property  of  the  French    –  This  was  guaranteed  by  the  crosses  planted  by  Car@er  and  his  long  stays  in  Canada  

Group  3  –  European  Fishers  •  The  Grand  Banks  of  Canada  are  known  for  their  fish…since  1497,  there  was  talk  of  how  much  fish  Canada  had  

•  The  “…cod  appeared  so  thick  that  a  person  "could  walk  across  their  backs."  That  news  opened  the  North  West  Atlan@c  fishery,  which  helped  feed  the  world  for  centuries  to  come.”  

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Cabot  Heritage  Moment  h9ps://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-­‐minutes/john-­‐cabot  1.  Cabot's  ini@al  report  on  the  cod  stocks  and  

the  impression  he  gave  to  England  was  that  the  fishery  could  never  be  depleted.  Compare  this  assessment  to  the  reality  of  today.    

2.  Can  you  think  of  other  natural  resources  that  may  have  seemed  infinite?  

3.  How  did  Europeans  view  the  resources  of  the  new  world  at  the  @me  and  how  did  their  mindset  affect  their  use  of  natural  resources  and  treatment  of  indigenous  people.  

Fishing  =  Our  First  Industry  •  Even  though  the  se9lements  were  a  failure,  fishermen  con@nued  to  come  here  

•  Eventually  they  began  to  spend  summers  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley  –  This  lead  to  trade  rela@ons  with  the  Inuit  and  Aboriginal  ppl  

–  European  Merchants  were  a9racted  by  the  furs  that  the  fishermen  brought  back  with  them  

•  Merchants  began  to  organize  trade  expedi@ons  to  get  more  furs  from  the  na@ves  

Effect  of  Explora=ons  on  the    St.  Lawrence  Iroquoians  

•  By  the  1580’s  there  was  a  noted  disappearance  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Iroquoians  who  Car@er  had  met  

•  Historians  explana@ons  for  this  are:  –  De-­‐se9lement  as  a  result  of  illness  due  to  the  contact  with  Europeans  

–  Conflicts  between  Aboriginals  –  other  Na@ve  groups  were  upset  that  the  Iroquoians  were  the  preferred  intermediaries  in  the  fur  trade