Independence of
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Political, Economic, & Social
Conflicts
Standards
SS7CG2 The student will explain the structures of the
modern governments of Africa.
b. Explain how political, economic, and social conflicts
resulted in the independence of South Sudan.
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Co
lon
izatio
n
•______________________
estab
lished
colo
nia
l rule o
f th
e regio
n (S
ud
an
) in th
e 19
th
centu
ry.
•In
______________, th
e British
div
ided
the reg
ion
into
two
territories: th
e Ara
bic-
spea
kin
g M
uslim
no
rth, a
nd
the m
ostly
En
glish
-spea
kin
g C
hristia
n a
nd
An
imist so
uth
.
On
e Na
tion
•In
the 1
94
0s, G
reat B
ritain
merg
ed th
e two
area
s togeth
er to b
e on
e natio
n w
ith a
______________________ gov
ernm
ent a
nd
___________________a
s the o
fficial
lan
gu
age.
•T
he S
ou
th felt d
iscrimin
ated
ag
ain
st beca
use th
e gov
ernm
ent w
as b
ased
in th
e
No
rthern
city o
f ______________________
.
Ind
epen
den
ce
•In
_____,
Su
da
n g
ain
ed its
______________________ from
Grea
t Brita
in, b
ut th
ere wa
s
still a lo
t of ten
sion
betw
een th
e no
rth a
nd
sou
th.
1stC
ivil W
ar
•T
he first o
f S
ud
an
’s two
civil w
ars b
rok
e ou
t in 1
95
5 a
nd
lasted
un
til _____.
•T
he tw
o sid
es fina
lly settled
on
a ______________________ th
at la
sted fo
r 10
yea
rs.
Islam
ic Law
•F
igh
ting
beg
an
ag
ain
wh
en th
e no
rthern
gov
ernm
ent esta
blish
ed
______________________ th
rou
gh
ou
t the co
un
try.
•______________________ a
t attem
pts to
imp
ose Isla
mic law
on
the w
ho
le cou
ntry.
•D
ictato
r Om
ar ______________________ seized
pow
er in 1
98
9 a
nd
con
tinu
ed to
imp
ose
rad
ical Isla
mic law
.
•2
0+
yea
rs of fig
htin
g h
ave led
to th
e disp
lacem
ent o
f ov
er ______________________ a
nd
the d
eath
s of ______________________
.
Secessio
n
•In
20
05
, the n
orth
ern a
nd
sou
thern
pa
rts of S
ud
an
sign
ed a
______________.
•In
Ja
nu
ary
20
11
, nea
rly _______
of S
ou
th S
ud
an
ese vo
ters called
for in
dep
end
ence.
•S
ou
th S
ud
an
beca
me a
n in
dep
end
ent co
un
try o
n ______________________
.
•S
alv
a K
iir ______________________, th
e first Presid
ent o
f S
ou
th S
ud
an
.
Oil C
on
trol
•M
ost o
f th
e ______________________ are in
So
uth
Su
da
n, b
ut th
e facto
ries,
______________________, sh
ipp
ing
po
rts, etc., are in
Su
da
n.
•T
he reg
ion
exp
orts b
illion
s of d
olla
rs of o
il per y
ear. S
ou
thern
states p
rod
uce m
ore th
an
_______o
f it, b
ut receiv
e on
ly ______________________
, cau
sing
tensio
ns b
etween
the
two
cou
ntries.
•N
ego
tiatin
g a
dea
l is critical to
bo
th co
un
tries’ _____________in
the fu
ture.
So
uth
Su
da
nese W
ar
•In
__________________, a
po
litical p
ow
er strug
gle b
rok
e ou
t betw
een P
residen
t Kiir
an
d h
is ex-d
epu
ty R
iek M
ach
ar.
•T
his h
as ca
used
a civ
il wa
r betw
een th
e ma
jor ______________________ w
ithin
the
cou
ntry.
© 2
01
4 B
rain
Wrin
kles
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Sudan
Before 2011
• Great Britain established colonial rule of the
region (Sudan) in the 19th century.
• In 1924, the British divided the region into two
territories: the Arabic-speaking Muslim north,
and the mostly English-speaking Christian and
Animist south.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
The northern region is
home to mainly Arab-
speaking Muslims. But
in the southern region,
there is no dominate
culture. The Dinka and
Nuer are the largest of
nearly 200 ethnic
groups.
• In the 1940s, Great Britain merged the two areas
together to be one nation with a northern
government and Arabic as the official language.
• Southern Sudan was shut out of the new
government.
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© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
The South felt
discriminated
against because the
government
was based in the
Northern city
of Khartoum.
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Khartoum
• In 1956, Sudan gained its independence from
Great Britain, but there was still a lot of tension
between the north and south.
• South Sudanese were not happy with northern
rule.
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© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Sudan’s flag
raised at its
independence
ceremony in
1956.
• The first of Sudan’s two civil wars broke out in
1955 and lasted until 1972.
• The two sides finally settled on a peace agreement
that lasted for 10 years.
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• Fighting began again when the northern
government established Islamic law throughout
the country.
• Southerners were angered at attempts to impose
Islamic law on the whole country.
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• Civil war had been going on between the North
and South for most of Sudan’s history.
• Dictator Omar al-Bashir seized power in 1989 and
continued to impose radical Islamic law.
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© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
20+ years of
fighting have led
to the
displacement of
over 4 million
people and the
deaths of 1.5
million.
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• In 2005, the northern and southern parts of
Sudan signed a peace accord.
• This allowed the South to rule itself for six years
and then vote in a referendum for independence.
• In January 2011, nearly 99% of South Sudanese
voters called for independence.
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© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
South Sudan
became an
independent
country on July
9, 2011.
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© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Salva Kiir Mayardit, the
first President of South
Sudan.
(His trademark hat was a gift
from former US President
George W. Bush.)
• Unfortunately, there are still problems between
the two countries.
• Sudan and South Sudan are tied economically by
oil.
• Most of the oil reserves are in South Sudan, but
the factories, pipelines, shipping ports, etc., are
in Sudan.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
The region exports billions of
dollars of oil per year.
Southern states produce more
than 80% of it, but receive
only 50% of the profits,
causing tensions between the
two countries.
• Both countries continue to disagree on how to
divide oil wealth and settling border disputes.
• Negotiating a deal is critical to both countries’
peace in the future.
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• In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between
President Kiir and his ex-deputy Riek Machar.
• This has caused a civil war between the major ethnic groups
within the country.
• Up to 10,000 people are estimated to have been killed.
• More than 800,000 people have been displaced inside South
Sudan and more than 250,000 people have fled to neighboring
countries as a result of the conflict.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Displaced people who
have fled the recent
fighting in South
Sudan.
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