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Entrepreneurs Conference
October 27, 2010
Dennis L. Hayford
Executive Director
Discussion of ASTM testing and other
test methods for Property Sheets.
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Imnot
here
to
teach
chemistry.
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ButIamheretotalkalittleaboutplastics,andPropertySheets!
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I want to shed a little light on PropertySheets!
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Before we begin:
This is a discussion about properties and,
While references are made to ASTM,
ASTM does not sanction what is said here.
The attendee is urged to read ASTM test
methods buy them and,Subscribe to their proper use.
ASTM American
Society forTesting andMaterials
http://www.astm.org/index.shtml
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Why would anyone want to do any of this?
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Property Sheets:Property sheets are an attempt to physically
characterize a product being sold.
Often the Property Sheets do not contain all
of the information.
Both buyer and seller are responsible.
The better the description,
The better the price!
The better the understanding between parties
and,
Property Sheets can enhance trust.
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The most important thing is to:
Determine the polymer properties and,What methods to use.
Choose a good test lab:
ISO 9001:2008 standard.
Reliable,
A2LAorISO17025istoohighofastandard,(Too expensive!)
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3 Grades of recyclable face fiber carpet:
Note:
Technicalterms
relating
to
plastics
are
defined
in
ASTM
D883&ASTMD1600
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3 Grades of recyclable face fiber carpet:
Grade III-sheared or pulverized,
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3 Grades of recyclable face carpet:
Grade II-Densified and,
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3 Grades of recyclable face carpet:
Grade I-Pelletized or reprocessed.
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3 Grades of recyclable face carpet:
Grade III-sheared or pulverized,
Grade II-Densified and,
Grade I-Pelletized or reprocessed.
The devil is in the details!
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3 Grades of recyclable face carpet:
Grade III-sheared or pulverized,
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Lets talk aboutthe devil.
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Name the device.
Include the modelnumber.
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Hand held near FTIR:
Hand held near infrared spectrometers are
available.
Such as this one by Phazir.
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Handheld near FTIR:
Light weight and portable.
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Handheld near FTIR:
And this one by Anavo
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A picture can say
1,000 words!
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ASTM D5630 Ash Content
The purpose of this test is to determine
the inorganic content of plastics.
There are two methods described:Procedure A , Muffle Furnace Technique-
For 5-50 gram samples . Samples are flamedover a burner prior to being ashed in amuffle furnace.
Procedure B, Rapid Ash Muffle-Furnace
Technique- For 5-50 gram samples. Samplesare ignited and ashed in a muffle furnace.
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ASTM D5630 Ash Content
Sample in a crucible is carefully weightedbefore being placed in a muffle oven,
Muffle oven is heated to at 850 OC (for
nylon)
Procedure B:
For 10 minutes. (See tables for other mtls.)
Note: Some companies use their own
procedure.
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ASTM D5630 Ash Content
Carefully weight crucible after heating
and cooled.
AGAIN Caution! Some companies have
their own methods! Ask about them!
Mostly there is a variance in time and
temperature.
The difference in weight expressed as apercent is the percent ash content.
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ASTM D5630 Ash Content Standard Test
For nylon 6/6
ASTM Method
Temp 900 C
Time 20 min
Sample ID
Empty
Crucibleweight
With
sampleweight
With ash
crucibleweight
Ash
mass
Grams Grams Grams %
1 25.97575 28.51641 26.57111 23.4%
2 17.52647 20.67049 18.42834 28.7%
26.1%
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ASTM D5630 Ash Content-Modified version
For nylon 6/6
Temp 600 C
Time 45 min
Sample IDEmpty
Crucible
weight
With
sample
weight
With ash
crucible
weight
Ashmass
Grams Grams Grams %
1 21.48102 24.45749 22.96576 49.9%
2 18.22432 21.11857 19.56138 46.2%
48.0%
Modified Method
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ASTM D5630 Ash Content-Discussion
If the filler is calcium carbonate (CaCO3),
As in this case,
It will start to decompose to CaO above 600 oC.
The ash content can significantly vary.
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ASTM D789 Moisture Content-simple loss
in weight
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ASTM D789 Moisture Content-simple loss
in weightHeaters
Resin pan
Read out
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ASTM D789 Moisture Content-simple loss
in weight.
The results, while not the true moisture
content,
Is expressed as a percent. (%)
But volatiles, including moisture,
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Contaminates:
Including a picture is worth 1,000 words.
Describe if possible,
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3 Grades of recyclable face carpet:
Grade II-Densified and,
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Two additional Properties:
Bulk (Apparent) Density-ASTM D1895
Density (of the material)-ASTM D792
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ASTM D 1895 Bulk (Apparent) Density
(The real question is how much space does
this stuff take up? Or pounds per cubic foot!)
The weight per unit volume of a material,
including voids inherent in the materials as
tested.
Measure a volume of material as packaged.
Weigh it.Divide the volume into the weight.
Very simply expressed, (but remember ASTM
has rules as to how this is done).
To get pounds/foot3 (or inch3).
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ASTM D1895 Bulk (Apparent) Density
Height
Length
Width
Weight
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Be sure to note by
crossing off the
Per ASTM method!
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ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement.
There are two methods used:
Test method A,testing solid plastics in water.
Test method B,
testing solid plastics in liquids other than water.
Test method B
Becauseweknowthatplastics~S.G.~waterS.G.
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1. Be sure that the sample is free of voids.
ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement. (B)
2. Carefully compression mold thesample to be tested.
3. Cut the sample to a convenient
size and also check for voids.
(We use a Carver hydraulic press to
make sure samples are void free!)
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ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement. (B)
4. Weigh the dry sample on a good scale.
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ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement. (B)
(Use a pure alcohol, such as Isopropyl
alcohol without water in it!)
Thermometer
S (S f G )
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ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement (B)
5. Weigh the sample in alcohol (the other liquid)
ASTM D792 D it (S ifi G it ) b
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The calculations are:
ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement (B)
Sample Dry weight = 1.14323 gms. (F)
Buoyancy weight = 0.20618 gms. (G)
Density of test l iquid = 0.78413551 gms/cc. (H)
Or 1.14323 gms/(0.20618 gms * 0.78413551 gms/cc)Sample Density then is B = F/(G * H) gms/cc
Density = 0.9575 gms/cc
Media is pure alcohol.Monitor the Temperature.
ASTM D792 D it (S ifi G it ) b
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ASTM D792 Density (Specific Gravity) by
Displacement (B) example.PCE Project no. 3250
Material HPDE
Lot No.
Sample Sample weight inair (g)
Sample weight inmedium (g)
Sample buoyancy(g)
Test liquidtemperature
(C)
Density of Testliquid
(g/cm^3)
Specific gravity(g/cm^3)
0717-0731-2010 1.14323 0.20618 0.937050 21.7 0.78413551 0.9567
0717-0731-2010 1.04412 0.18950 0.854620 21.7 0.78413551 0.9580
0717-0731-2010 1.08211 0.19628 0.885830 21.7 0.78413551 0.9579
0717-0731-2010 1.17397 0.21255 0.961420 21.7 0.78413551 0.9575
0717-0731-2010 1.24745 0.22569 1.021760 21.7 0.78413551 0.9573
avg: 0.9575
std dev: 0.0005
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3 Grades of recyclable face carpet:
Grade I-Pelletized or reprocessed.
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Name the grade (6 or 6/6)
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
The first need is a test specimen!
Sometimes called a dog bone .
ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
Clamp it in the jaws.
ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
Add the extension
meters.Pull
ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
Yield point.
(exaggerated)
ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
Specimen at break.
ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
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ASTM D638 Tensile Strength
YieldBreak
Tensile
Modulus
TensileStrength
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ASTM D639 Elongation to break
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ASTM D639 Elongation to break
The distance between
the no stress point andthe break point!
Expressed as a percent.
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ASTM D790 Flexural Modulus
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S 90 e u a odu us
(Sometimes called the
3 point bend test.)
ASTM D790 Flexural Modulus
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ASTM D790 Flexural Modulus
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ASTM D790 Flexural Modulus
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Strain (%)
Stress
(psi)
ASTM D790 Flexural Modulus
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The results then is psi/% and,
Is expressed in psi.
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ASTM D3418 Differential Scanning
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Calorimeter or DSCWe happen to have a Perkin Elmer
But there are others:
TA Instruments
Mettler Toledo
ASTM D3418 Differential Scanning
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Calorimeter - or DSC
Heat flow (milli-watts)
Temperatureo
C
Nylon 6 (PA6)
Melt Pt.
Solid Pt.
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As we close:
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This has been a discussion about properties and,
While references are made to ASTM,
ASTM does not sanction what is said here.The attendee is urged to read ASTM test
methods, buy them and,
Subscribe to their proper use.
ASTM American
Society for
Testing and,
Materials
http://www.astm.org/index.shtml
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.
Questions?
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