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PenologyFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Penology(fromtheLatinpoena,"punishment"andtheGreeksuffixlogia,"studyof")isasectionofcriminologythatdealswiththephilosophyandpractice[1][2][3]ofvarioussocietiesintheirattemptstorepresscriminalactivities,andsatisfypublicopinionviaanappropriatetreatmentregimeforpersonsconvictedofcriminaloffences.

TheOxfordEnglishDictionarydefinespenologyas"thestudyofthepunishmentofcrimeandprisonmanagement",andinthissenseitisequivalentwithcorrections.[4]

Penologyisconcernedwiththeeffectivenessofthosesocialprocessesdevisedandadoptedforthepreventionofcrime,viatherepressionorinhibitionofcriminalintentviathefearofpunishment.Thestudyofpenologythereforedealswiththetreatmentofprisonersandthesubsequentrehabilitationofconvictedcriminals.Italsoencompassesaspectsofprobation(rehabilitationofoffendersinthecommunity)aswellaspenitentiarysciencerelatingtothesecuredetentionandretrainingofoffenderscommittedtosecureinstitutions.

Penologyconcernsmanytopicsandtheories,includingthoseconcerningprisons(prisonreform,prisonerabuse,prisoners'rights,andrecidivism),aswellastheoriesofthepurposesofpunishment(suchasdeterrence,rehabilitation,retribution,andutilitarianism).Contemporarypenologyconcernsitselfmainlywithcriminalrehabilitationandprisonmanagement.Thewordseldomappliestotheoriesandpracticesofpunishmentinlessformalenvironmentssuchasparenting,schoolandworkplacecorrectionalmeasures.

Contents

1History2Seealso3References4Furtherreading5Externallinks

History

Historicaltheoriesofpunishmentwerebasedonthenotionthatfearfulconsequenceswoulddiscouragepotentialoffenders.AnexampleofthisprinciplecanbefoundintheDraconianlawofAncientGreeceandtheBloodyCodewhichpersistedinRenaissanceEngland,when(atvarioustimes)capitalpunishmentwasprescribedforover200offenses.Similarly,certainhududoffensesunderShariahadithtraditionmayincurfearfulpenalties.

Moderntheoriesofthepunishmentandrehabilitationofoffendersarebroadlybasedonprinciplesarticulatedintheseminalpamphlet"OnCrimesandPunishments"publishedbyCesare,MarquisofBeccariain1764.Theycenterontheconceptofproportionality.Inthisrespect,theydifferfrommanyprevioussystemsofpunishment,forexample,England'sBloodyCode,underwhichthepenaltyofthefthad

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beenthesameregardlessofthevaluestolen,givingrisetotheEnglishexpression"Itisaswelltobehangedforasheeporalamb".SubsequentdevelopmentoftheideasofBeccariamadenonlethalpunishmentmoresociallyacceptable.Consequentlyconvictedprisonershadtobereintegratedintosocietywhentheirpunishmentwascomplete.

Penologistshaveconsequentlyevolvedoccupationalandpsychologicaleducationprogramsforoffendersdetainedinprison,andarangeofcommunityserviceandprobationorderswhichentailguidanceandaftercareoftheoffenderwithinthecommunity.Theimportanceofinflictingsomemeasureofpunishmentonthosepersonswhobreachthelawishowevermaintainedinordertomaintainsocialorderandtomoderatepublicoutragewhichmightprovokeappealsforcruelvengeance.

Seealso

AuburnSystemZebulonBrockwayElmiraSystemIncapacitation(penology)Panopticon

References1. RajendraKumarSharma(1January1998).CriminologyAndPenology(http://books.google.com/books?

id=1pRJTw6EdtsC&pg=RA2PA1).AtlanticPublishers&Dist.pp.2ff.ISBN9788171567546.Retrieved2March2013.

2. ShlomoGioraShohamOriBeckMartinKett(8October2007).InternationalHandbookofPenologyandCriminalJustice(http://books.google.com/books?id=vUICkjo8k1EC).CRCPress.ISBN9781420053883.Retrieved2March2013.

3. (1992).(http://books.google.com/books?id=ZLeIyEwkbL8C)..ISBN9789570504354.Retrieved2March2013.

4. ToddR.Clear(1994).HarminAmericanpenology:offenders,victims,andtheircommunities(http://books.google.com/books?id=t1GtSid5fvwC&pg=PR15).SUNYPress.p.15.ISBN9780791421741.

FurtherreadingDiiulio,JohnJ.,GoverningPrisons:AComparativeStudyofCorrectionalManagement(http://books.google.com/books?id=s6AsM5Y_MUIC&printsec=frontcover),SimonandSchuster,1990.ISBN0029078830

Externallinks

TheFloridaStateUniversityCollegeofCriminologyandCriminalJustice(http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/)CrimLinks(http://www.crimlinks.com/)UKbasedsite

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Categories: Penology Criminallaw

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