Penology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf
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Penology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Penology (from the Latin poena, "punishment" and the Greek suffix logia, "study of") is a section of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice [1][2][3] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences. The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as "the study of the punishment of crime and prison management", and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections. [4] Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition of criminal intent via the fear of punishment. The study of penology therefore deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted criminals. It also encompasses aspects of probation (rehabilitation of offenders in the community) as well as penitentiary science relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions. Penology concerns many topics and theories, including those concerning prisons (prison reform, prisoner abuse, prisoners' rights, and recidivism), as well as theories of the purposes of punishment (such as deterrence, rehabilitation, retribution, and utilitarianism). Contemporary penology concerns itself mainly with criminal rehabilitation and prison management. The word seldom applies to theories and practices of punishment in less formal environments such as parenting, school and workplace correctional measures. Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History Historical theories of punishment were based on the notion that fearful consequences would discourage potential offenders. An example of this principle can be found in the Draconian law of Ancient Greece and the Bloody Code which persisted in Renaissance England, when (at various times) capital punishment was prescribed for over 200 offenses. Similarly, certain hudud offenses under Sharia hadith tradition may incur fearful penalties. Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet "On Crimes and Punishments" published by Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria in 1764. They center on the concept of proportionality. In this respect, they differ from many previous systems of punishment, for example, England's Bloody Code, under which the penalty of theft had
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Transcript of Penology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf
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4/29/2015 PenologyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penology 1/3
PenologyFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Penology(fromtheLatinpoena,"punishment"andtheGreeksuffixlogia,"studyof")isasectionofcriminologythatdealswiththephilosophyandpractice[1][2][3]ofvarioussocietiesintheirattemptstorepresscriminalactivities,andsatisfypublicopinionviaanappropriatetreatmentregimeforpersonsconvictedofcriminaloffences.
TheOxfordEnglishDictionarydefinespenologyas"thestudyofthepunishmentofcrimeandprisonmanagement",andinthissenseitisequivalentwithcorrections.[4]
Penologyisconcernedwiththeeffectivenessofthosesocialprocessesdevisedandadoptedforthepreventionofcrime,viatherepressionorinhibitionofcriminalintentviathefearofpunishment.Thestudyofpenologythereforedealswiththetreatmentofprisonersandthesubsequentrehabilitationofconvictedcriminals.Italsoencompassesaspectsofprobation(rehabilitationofoffendersinthecommunity)aswellaspenitentiarysciencerelatingtothesecuredetentionandretrainingofoffenderscommittedtosecureinstitutions.
Penologyconcernsmanytopicsandtheories,includingthoseconcerningprisons(prisonreform,prisonerabuse,prisoners'rights,andrecidivism),aswellastheoriesofthepurposesofpunishment(suchasdeterrence,rehabilitation,retribution,andutilitarianism).Contemporarypenologyconcernsitselfmainlywithcriminalrehabilitationandprisonmanagement.Thewordseldomappliestotheoriesandpracticesofpunishmentinlessformalenvironmentssuchasparenting,schoolandworkplacecorrectionalmeasures.
Contents
1History2Seealso3References4Furtherreading5Externallinks
History
Historicaltheoriesofpunishmentwerebasedonthenotionthatfearfulconsequenceswoulddiscouragepotentialoffenders.AnexampleofthisprinciplecanbefoundintheDraconianlawofAncientGreeceandtheBloodyCodewhichpersistedinRenaissanceEngland,when(atvarioustimes)capitalpunishmentwasprescribedforover200offenses.Similarly,certainhududoffensesunderShariahadithtraditionmayincurfearfulpenalties.
Moderntheoriesofthepunishmentandrehabilitationofoffendersarebroadlybasedonprinciplesarticulatedintheseminalpamphlet"OnCrimesandPunishments"publishedbyCesare,MarquisofBeccariain1764.Theycenterontheconceptofproportionality.Inthisrespect,theydifferfrommanyprevioussystemsofpunishment,forexample,England'sBloodyCode,underwhichthepenaltyofthefthad
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beenthesameregardlessofthevaluestolen,givingrisetotheEnglishexpression"Itisaswelltobehangedforasheeporalamb".SubsequentdevelopmentoftheideasofBeccariamadenonlethalpunishmentmoresociallyacceptable.Consequentlyconvictedprisonershadtobereintegratedintosocietywhentheirpunishmentwascomplete.
Penologistshaveconsequentlyevolvedoccupationalandpsychologicaleducationprogramsforoffendersdetainedinprison,andarangeofcommunityserviceandprobationorderswhichentailguidanceandaftercareoftheoffenderwithinthecommunity.Theimportanceofinflictingsomemeasureofpunishmentonthosepersonswhobreachthelawishowevermaintainedinordertomaintainsocialorderandtomoderatepublicoutragewhichmightprovokeappealsforcruelvengeance.
Seealso
AuburnSystemZebulonBrockwayElmiraSystemIncapacitation(penology)Panopticon
References1. RajendraKumarSharma(1January1998).CriminologyAndPenology(http://books.google.com/books?
id=1pRJTw6EdtsC&pg=RA2PA1).AtlanticPublishers&Dist.pp.2ff.ISBN9788171567546.Retrieved2March2013.
2. ShlomoGioraShohamOriBeckMartinKett(8October2007).InternationalHandbookofPenologyandCriminalJustice(http://books.google.com/books?id=vUICkjo8k1EC).CRCPress.ISBN9781420053883.Retrieved2March2013.
3. (1992).(http://books.google.com/books?id=ZLeIyEwkbL8C)..ISBN9789570504354.Retrieved2March2013.
4. ToddR.Clear(1994).HarminAmericanpenology:offenders,victims,andtheircommunities(http://books.google.com/books?id=t1GtSid5fvwC&pg=PR15).SUNYPress.p.15.ISBN9780791421741.
FurtherreadingDiiulio,JohnJ.,GoverningPrisons:AComparativeStudyofCorrectionalManagement(http://books.google.com/books?id=s6AsM5Y_MUIC&printsec=frontcover),SimonandSchuster,1990.ISBN0029078830
Externallinks
TheFloridaStateUniversityCollegeofCriminologyandCriminalJustice(http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/)CrimLinks(http://www.crimlinks.com/)UKbasedsite
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penology&oldid=649899002"
Categories: Penology Criminallaw
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