Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules
What makes a molecule organic?
Carbon
• How many bonds does carbon want?
• Carbon can form molecules of all different sizes and shapes…
Organic Molecules
• Large carbon chains are called polymers or macromolecules
• Polymers are made or synthesized through dehydration synthesis , also called a condensation reaction.
• Polymers are broken by hydrolysis, which means breaking water apart.
4 types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
• Examples?• Functions: Energy storage• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen• Building blocks: Monosaccharide (mono
means?)
Carbohydrates
• How are multiple carbohydrates joined together?– Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction
Types of carbohydrates
• 1. Monosaccharide (1) - simple sugars!– Ex: glucose, fructose
• 2. Disaccharides (2)– Ex: Sucrose or table sugar
• 3. Polysaccharides (3+)– Ex: Cellulose (fiber ), Chitin, Glycogen (animal
storage, and Starch (plant storage)
Lipids
• Examples?
• Functions: biological membranes and energy storage
• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Types of lipids
1. Fats2. Oils3. Waxes4. Sterols (steroids) *Phosopholipids-used in the making of plasma
membrane (Bi-layer or two layers).
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
• Saturated Fats– Contain only single
bonds for the carbon– Solid at room
temperature– Sources: dairy products
(cheese, yogurt, milk, etc), meats and etc.
• Unsaturated Fats– Contain at least one
double bond• One double bond is
monounsaturated• Two or more double
bonds is polyunsaturated
– Liquid at room temperature
– Sources: oils (olive, canola, etc)
Nucleic Acids
• Examples?
• Functions: heredity (genetics)• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus, Nitrogen• Building blocks: Nucleotides (ATCGU)• Structure: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous
base
Protein
• Examples?
• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen
• Functions: building material, transport, regulation, and aiding chemical reactions.
• Building blocks: Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Organic Chemistry & Macromolecule Vocabulary List
• Carbohydrates—organic molecule that stores fast energy; examples are sugars and starch
• Lipids—organic molecule that is not soluble in water, stores energy and provides insulation; ex: fats and oils
• Proteins—organic molecule that is structural and speeds up chemical reactions; ex: enzymes and hemaglobin
Vocabulary List Continued
• Nucleic Acids—organic molecule that carries genetic information; ex: DNA & RNA
• Benedicts Solution—a blue reagent that changes color in the presence of simple sugars
• Starch—a major source of carbohydrates for living things made of bonded glucose molecules
Vocabulary List Continued
• Enzymes—a type of protein found in all living things that changes (usually speeds up) the rate of chemical reactions
• Insulin—a protein hormone that affects metabolism by breaking down glucose
• Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate used to store energy; typically found in liver and muscle cells
Vocabulary List Continued
• Cellulose—a polysaccharide carbohydrate made of many bonded glucose units; typically found in cell walls of plants and provides nutritional roughage.
• Hemoglobin—a type of protein that is in red blood cells; contains iron and carries oxygen from lungs to body cells.
• Biurets Solution—a blue reagent that turns purple in the presence of proteins.
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