A company of the BRUGG Group
presents
Optical FibersFiber Optic Cables
Indoor/Outdoor
A company of the BRUGG Group2Training ABB Oct. 2007
Content
Optical fiber function, typesoptical effects applicationsproduction of optical fibre
Cable - general typesIndoorIndoor / outdoorOutdoor
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Optical Transmission System
Schematic of an optical fibre transmission system:Modulator / Transmitter (LED, laser diode, VCSEL (850 nm))
convert electrical signals into optical ones
Fibretransport medium (e.g. optical fibre cable, splices, connectors etc.)
Receiver / Demodulator (PIN Photodiode, Avalanche Photodiodeconvert optical signals into electrical ones
Transmitter ReceiverFibre with splices and connectors
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General Construction Optical Fibres
Cladding glassTyp. diameter: 125 µm
Primary coating (plastic)PolyacrylateTyp. diameter: 250 µmColour: customer requirement
Core glassTyp. diameter: 9, 50 or 62.5 µm
Fiber according to the requirements of:ITU-T G.65xIEC 60793-xEN 60793-x
ISO / IEC 11801EN 50173DIN VDE 0888
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Light On Interfaces Of Two Medias
n2
n1
α1α2
InterfaceLight ray
Normal of incidence
α1 = α2
Total internal reflection of light
n1
n2
α1
α2
Normal of incidence
Light rayInterface
α1 > α2n1 < n2
Refraction of light
n1 & n2 : Refraction index of medium 1 & 2
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Light Guidance In Optical Waveguide
n1n2
Cross sectionLongitudinally section
Cladding glass (n2)
Core glass (n1>n2)
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Multi mode Fiber, Step Index
Multi mode Fiber, Graded Index
Single mode Fiber, Step Index
Properties:
Multiple light paths (modes) of different length causing different modes to arrive at different time intervals which causes pulse broadening (Multimode Distortion or Modal Distortion)
Bandwidth relatively small, low cost fiber
Properties:
The core diameter is reduced so that only one mode can exist (single mode). Therefore Single mode fibers don’t introduce any pulse broadening witch enables higher bandwidth.
Highest bandwidth
Properties:
The parabolic profile of the index results in continual refocusing of the rays in the core, and compensates for multimode distortion.Therefore we encounter less pulse broadening
Bandwidth bigger, more expensive
Types of fibers
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Types of fibers
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Optical Linear Effects
Attenuation
Dispersion
Characteristic
NumericalAperture
Looses light energy
Broaden light pulses
Effect
Launch lossesLED ->fibrefibre ->fibrefibre ->APD
Limitation
Transmission distances
Bandwidth
Launching light
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Attenuation
Scattering
AbsorbtionOH- Ionen
1
Losses in light energy
Effect
Limitation
Transmission-distance
Reduction optical power bet-ween two points of optical fibre
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Rayleigh Attenuation Curve
[dB/km]
[nm]800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1. window 2. window
Optical fibre attenuation
3. window
Rayleigh scattering
wavelength
Fibr
e at
tenu
atio
n
OH absorption
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[dB/km]
[nm]800 1000 1200 1400 1600
OH- - absorption
Rayleigh scattering
wavelength
Fibe
r atte
nuat
ion
fiber attenuation
1
3IR Absorption
U - Band
L - Band
C - Band
O - Band
E - Band
S - Band
•O - Band = Original band λ = 1260 - 1360 nm•E - Band = Extended Band λ = 1360 - 1460 nm•S - Band = Short Band λ = 1460 - 1530 nm•C - Band = Conventional Band λ = 1530 - 1565 nm•L - Band = Long Band λ = 1565 - 1625 nm•U - Band = Ultra long Band λ = 1625 - 1675 nm
Rayleigh Attenuation Curve
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Bending Loss:
Last mentioned source of decrease of input- versus output-power are bending losses in the fiber caused by bending the fiber. When the angle of bend exceeds a certain degree the light waves will no longer be reflected in the core and enters the cladding of the fiber. We distinct two ways of bending, Macro bending and Micro bending.
ForceMacro Bending Micro Bending
Attenuation
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Modal (Geometrical) Dispersion
Broaden ligth pulses and loss in
energy
A
t
2
Superpositioning of modes with different delay times at the same wavelength
Bandwidth
Effect
Limitation
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Multimode fiber Singlemode Fiber
ModeDispersion
Measured is the effect:Bandwidth [MHz x km]
Dispersion
ChromaticDispersion
[ps/km x nm]
Polarisation-modedispersion
PMD[ps/√km]
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Single Mode or Multimode FiberSingle Mode G.652.D (G.655/657)
Single mode optical fiber is ideal for long distance transmission.
Wavelengths used for Single mode fiber are 1310nm, 1550 nm and 1625nm.
The costs for a Single mode transmission system are relatively high (Laser).
High Bandwidth
Multi Mode G. 651
Multimode fiber is not suited for long communication distance but well suited for communication over short distances (below 2km).
Wavelengths used for Multimode are 850nm and 1300nm
The cost for a Multimode transmission system are less expensive than single mode equipment (LED). (2-4 times less expensive)
Lower Bandwidth than Single mode
Applications
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Selection Optical FibresSpecification type network
• Bandwidth 2 Mbit/s bis 10 Gbit/s• Distance 100 m bis 100 km• smal part of connecting / jointing
elements
• Bandwidth 4 Mbit/s bis 1 Gbit/s• Distance 10 m bis 2 km• more connecting / jointing
elements
• different requirements
Fibre type
Singlemode
Multimode62.5/125 µm
50/125 µm
Singlemode /Multimode /special fibre
Application
Tele-communication
CATV
LAN/MAN
WANCCTV
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Content
Optical fiber function, typesoptical effects applicationsproduction of optical fibre
Cable - general typesIndoorIndoor / outdoorOutdoor
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Fiber Optic Cable
BRUniversal
Metallic cableBRUclean
PATCHline, KONlan
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Brugg Cable Types
Indoor cablesPATCHline, KONlan
Not longitudinally water proof
Flexible
Compact design
Halogenfree, flame retardant
Longitudinally water proof
Blowing into pipes
Rodent protectedDirect burial
Outdoor cablesBRUclean
Longitudinallywater proof
High tensile strengthExcellent rodent
protection
Flame retardant
Metallic ropesBRUsteel, OPGW
Longitudinallywater proof
Laying into ductsor trunks
Rodent protected
Halogenfree,flame retardant
Universal cable BRUniversal
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Cable Types
Particular importance is placed on protecting the optical fibres against environmental influences such as mechanical stresses or temperature changes!The used cable type depends on:
Kind of laying up / installationGeneral application (indoor / outdoor etc.)environmental conditionsElectro-magnetic influences
A company of the BRUGG Group
250 µm primary coated fibers
900 µm buffered fibers
Loose tubes 2.5 to 4mm
Simplex-,Duplex- &Mini-breakout- &Breakout- cable
Indoor / outdoor cables
Outdoor cables
Mechanical characteristics depend on the construction.
Tighth buffered fibers
Semi tight buffered fibers
PigtailsSimplex-, Duplex-,Mini-breakout- &Breakout- cable
Overview cable families
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Tight buffer
Fiber with 250 µm primary coating
Semi tight buffer
Secondary coating
900 µm buffer
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Loose tubes
Loose buffer, two layer constructed, with 2 to 24 optical fibers
Filling compound
Two layer constructed plastic tube
Optical fibre with:
Core glass 9; 50 or 62,5 µm
Cladding glass 125 µm
Primary coating 250 µm
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PATCHline Indoor cableSimplex 2.1 / 2.4 / 2.8 mm
FRNC outer sheath
Aramide and glass yarns
Fiber with primary coating
900 µm buffer
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Duplex 4.2x2.1 / 5.6x2.8
Aramide and glass yarns
Fiber with primary coating
PATCHline Indoor cable
A company of the BRUGG Group
PATCHline Indoor cableDuplex+ 5.3x3.1 / 6.6x3.8
Fiber with primary coating
900 µm buffer
Aramide and glass yarns
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Mini Breakout KONlan mini
FRNC outer sheath
Glass yarns
Fiber with primary coating
up to 12 x 900 µm buffered fiber
Indoor cable
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Indoor cable
FRNC outer sheath
Up to 24 x 2.1 mm Simplex cable
Breakout Cable KONlan
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Indoor / outdoor cable BRUniversalCentral loose tube cable 150 / 250
FRNC outer sheath
Glas yarns with water-blocking tape
Gel-filled loose tube
Fibers with primary coating
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Indoor / outdoor cable BRUniversalStranded loose tube cable 300 - 900
Glass yarns with water-blocking tape
FRNC outer sheath
Gel-filled loose tube
Fibers with primary coating
Central strength member
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FO Outdoor Cable - Central Tube Type
BRUclean 150 / 250• max. number of fibers: 24• high crush resistance• longitudinally water proof• blowing into pipes• rodent protection
Application:• outdoor use, WAN, LAN, campus backbone
PE - outer sheathswellable tapeglass rovingscentral loose buffer
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FO Outdoor Cable - Stranded Tube Type
BRUclean 300-900
• max. number of fibers: 432• long term tensile strength 3‘000 - 9‘000 N• blowing into pipes• rodent protection
Application:• outdoor use, WAN, LAN, campus backbone• for higher fiber count
PE - outer sheathglassrovingsswellable tapestranded loose buffercentral strength member
A company of the BRUGG Group34Training ABB Oct. 2007
Thank you for your Attention.
Further information: www.brugg.com
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