Fiber & Fiber Additives

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Fiber & Fiber Additives By: Calvin Zhang, Cecily Kimura, Morgan Lee, & Seila Buth

Transcript of Fiber & Fiber Additives

Fiber & Fiber Additives

By: Calvin Zhang, Cecily Kimura, Morgan Lee, & Seila Buth

What is Fiber?

● Dietary fiber are the structural parts of plants● It is made up of Polysaccharides which are large molecules

composed of long chains of monosaccharides (simple sugars)○ undigestible by human digestive enzymes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_strand.jpghttp://www.123rf.com/photo_6544120_close-up-of-cross-cut-celery-with-some-red-tomatoes-in-the-back.html

Types of Fibers● Soluble Fibers

○ fibers that dissolve in water to create a gel○ are prebiotics - bacteria in our GI tract use it as food

■ fibers are fermented and broken down by the bacteria to short chain fatty acids which our body then absorbs and can use

○ commonly found in oats, barley, legumes, and citrus fruits

http://litebite.in/decisive-dietary-fibers/ http://sagechapel.org/consumming-various-fruits/

Types of Fibers cont.

● Insoluble Fibers○ fibers that don't dissolve in water and form gels○ they don't get absorbed into our body or get fermented by

bacteria in the GI tract○ passes through our digestive system ○ found mostly in whole grains (bran) and vegetables

http://lancastria.net/blog/whole-grains-better-than-refined-grains.htmlhttp://thedailyeater.com/2012/02/foods-that-wont-make-you-a-fat-ass.html

Where Dietary Fiber Comes From?

● Dietary fibers come from plants, or plant organs○ Plants can be consumed directly to obtain the fiber source,

or the fiber can be extracted from the plants.■ Plant fiber extraction is commonly done so fiber may be

added to other sources of food.■ Or, the extractions may be done for the use of fiber

supplements

http://dev.meta07.bridgeagency.com/images/home_new/products_lower.pnghttp://www.bellissimababe.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Fruit_Photo.jpg

Methods of Fiber Extraction● Cellulose Extraction:

○ Exaction of cellulose comefrom all plants.○ Major extraction method is from Kraft

Pulping■ Responsible for around 80% of the

world's cellulose■ Achieved by chemical treatment of

wood.■ Uses caustic soda, di-sodium sulfite

to obtain cellulose■ Kept at high temp., pressure, and

pH.■ Final cellulose product requires

bleaching

http://www.npchem.co.jp/english/product/images/images_01.jpg

Finely powdered cellulose from wood pulp

Fiber Additives In Foods

● Cellulose Added to Foods○ Most widely used form is

powdered cellulose○ Other forms include cellulose gel,

and cellulose gum■ Mostly added to foods with

higher water content, such as sauces, ice cream, frozen yogurt, etc.

● Chicory Root Extract■ Contains high amounts of

Inulin ■ Found in fiber bars(i.e.,

FiberOne, FiberPlus) http://savvysavingbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/cellulose-in-foods-sweets.jpg

Fiber Additives Into Supplements

● Inulin○ Prebiotic ingredient that promotes the

growth of bacteria that may improve GI health

○ Mainly extracted from Chicory Root ○ Frequently found in fiber supplements

■ Ex. Metamucil, Clean & Natural http://www.metamucil.com/images/products/metamucil_clear_and_natural.jpg

http://www.orafti.com/administration/views/html/fckuserfiles/image/chicory%202%20high%281%29.jpg

http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/406886720/chicory_root_extract_Inulin_90_food_additive.jpg

Fiber In Our Daily Life

RDA according to the FDA = 25-30 g/day1

Currently, adults only average 15 g

Why is this important?

Heart Disease

● Leading cause of death in the US

● Elimination of dietary cholesterol

● Lowering of blood cholesterol levels

● Slows liver manufacture of cholesterol and LDL particles

● Inverse relationship between dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease

http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/statistics/leading_causes.htmlhttp://www.mc.uky.edu/muscle/news/news_2009.asphttp://www.cheeriosracing.com/foradults/hearthealthyeating/solublefiber/whyisitimportant_solublefiber.aspx

Obesity ● Provides fewer calories per

serving ● Greater satiety resulting

from physical properties of fiber

● Reduces rate of absorption

of food energy

● Reduction of risks associated with being overweight

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/484768_2

http://blog.fooducate.com/2011/07/08/12-unfathomable-obesity-stats-make-you-want-to-cry/

Intestinal Health

● Prevention/Relief of Constipation

● Prevention of Diverticulitis

● Dilution of carcinogens and increase of transit speed through intestines & out of the body.

http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Gastro-Intestinal-Tract.htm

High Fiber Foods●Whole grains & cereals●Fruits

○apples, pears, oranges, kiwis, bananas

●Vegetables○cabbage, corn, peppers,

spinach●Legumes

○ lentils, beans, lima beans

http://bestcerealss.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Whole-Grains-Cereals.jpghttp://www.mensweekly.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Fiber.jpghttp://newutrition.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/istock_photo_of_beans_and_lentils.jpg

Sources of Fiber● Cereals:

○ oats, rye, rice, soybeans● Plant extracts/isolates:

○ cellulose, gums, inulin, konjac flour, psyllium

● Fruit based ingredients:○ dates, figs, raisins, apple fiber, pectin

● Glucose polymers:○ curdlan, polydextrose

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cellulose_strand.jpg/260px-Cellulose_strand.jpg http://www.oshims.

com/uploads/Psyllium_Isapgol_Seed_Husk.jpg

Synthetic Fiber

http://www.thehonestkitchen.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/oats-400x400.jpg

http://class.fst.ohio-state.edu/fst605/images/Pectin-1.gif

● Manufactured or chemically modified in labs

● Examples:○ methylcellulose○ calcium polycarbohphil○ polyglycoplex

Fiber Supplements

http://www.nationalfibercouncil.org/supplement_chart.shtml

Psyllium● Husk and seed are both used● Multiple uses:

○ stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener, suspender

○ in cosmetics● Laxative effect● Dietary claims that it can help lower

cholesterol http://www.chinese-herbs.org/content-images/355-1.jpg

● Used in many fiber supplement products:○ ex. Metamucil, Fiberall, Genfiber,

Maalox Daily Fiber Therapy, Natural Fiber Therapy

● Potential side effects include stomach pain, difficulty breathing/ swallowing, skin rash, itching, nausea, vomiting

Potential side effects:stomach pain, difficulty breathing/ swallowing, skin rash, itching, nausea, vomiting

Cellulose as a Fiber Additive● U.S. Patent in 1991

○ "A substantially, farinaceous fiber-containing batter"

● Batter for fried foods that contained fiber additive○ Cellulose

■ Benefits of added cellulose:■ Healthier■ More appealing to health

conscious consumers■ Provides a more uniform

color of the end product■ Makes the batter stronger,

helps it to retain its structure

http://sp.life123.com/bm.pix/bigstockphoto_fried_chicken_plate_2269322.s600x600.jpg

http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lb7s1vNzmZ1qb2n6eo1_400.jpg

PolyGlycopleX● Synthetic fiber

○ available in capsules, powders and granules

● Made up of 3 different fiber sources: ○ konjac powder○ sodium alginate○ xantham gum

● Considered a "functional fiber"● Can account for up to 10g/day of the

RDA for fiber● Minor side effects:

○ increased flatulence, bloating, constipation

● GRAS

http://www.bioclinicnaturals.com/images/PIM/BioclinicUSA/Products/124__3__Feature.jpghttp://site.hellomagazine.ca/mostbeautifulwoman2009/images/logo-PGX.png

Sources

1. "DRI Report - Macronutrients." USDA National Agricultural Library. USDA, 24 Aug 2010. Web. 28 February 2012.

2. "Increasing Fiber Intake." UCSF Medical Center. UCSF, 2 Feb. 2012. Web. 2 March 2012.3. "Fiber- Start Roughing It!" Harvard School of Public Health. Harvard, 2007. Web. 28 February 20124. "Dietary Fiber: An Important Link In the Fight Against Heart Disease." National Fiber Council. 2009.

Web. 28 February 20125. Eastwood, Martin, Christine Edwards, Doreen Parry. Human Nutrition A Continuing Debate. New

York: Chapman & Hall, 1992. Print 6. Camilleri, Michael M.D.. "Dietary Fiber Supplements: Effects in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome and

Relationship to Gastrointestinal Functions" Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER) (2011): 65-72. PubMed. Web. 4 March. 2012