Thursday, August 25, 2011
CHANDIGARH
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient Bricks
– A holistic study
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
2/46
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
3/46
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
4/46
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
5/46
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
6/46
Clay Material May Have Acted As
'Primordial Womb' For First Organic
Molecules
Arizona State University Prof. Lynda Williams
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
7/46
Map showing places all over the world where clay is used as a building material
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
8/46
If its all nice-good-appropriate
Then
Why do we talk about
Resource Efficient Bricks
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
9/46
Circa 800 A.D…………man
is social animal
2009 A.D. man is urban
animal
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
10/46
Brick clusters in Gujarat
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
11/46
Sr.
No.
Name of the major
clusters
Large scale brick
industries
Small scale brick
industries
Manufacturing
Capacity, lakhs/year
Manufacturing
Capacity, lakhs/year
1Ahmedabad & near by
areas40 to 50 5 to 10
2Rajkot (Saurastra &
Kutch)- 2 to 3
3 Baroda 40 2 to 5
4 Anand Charotar 25 to 30 2 to 5
5Godhara, Dahod &
Panchmahal40 to 50 2 to 5
6 Mehasana 40 to 50 2 to 5
7 Surat 40 to 50 2 to 5
8 Navsari & Valsad 25 to 35 2 to 5
9 Sabarkantha - 2 to 5
Average Clay Bricks Production (lakhs/Year) 51100
Source: Gujarat brick federation Association, Ahmedabad
Brick production in Gujarat
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
12/46
The present Brick demand appx. 120 billion bricks / year.
Extensive energy usage
Inefficient resource utilisation
High Air Pollution
Occupational hazards
Poor Living conditions
Payment Mechanism
Environmental Social
ISSUES IN BRICK MAKING INDUSTRY
Periodic employment
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
13/46
Disadvantages of conventional bricks
Air pollution
Depletion of top soil
Extensive energy usage
Poor quality of bricks
Health Hazards to the
laborers
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
14/46
Greater Ahmedabad Area
44km x 44km at 1km grid
Dots include industries and brick kilns
Ahmedabad
district border
Ahmedabad
Gujarat stateDr. Guttikunda, Sarath, Urban air pollution Analysis Ahmedabad, Gujarat, March 2011
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
15/46
Annual PM10 Emissions Inventory 2010
Total = 35,100 tons/year
Dr. Guttikunda, Sarath, Urban air pollution Analysis Ahmedabad, Gujarat, March 2011
Annual SO2
Emissions Inventory 2010
Total = 10,500 tons/year
RD
TR = transport; PP = power plant; IND = industries; CON = construction activities; BK = brick kilns; GS = generator
sets; RD = road dust; DOM = domestic; WB = waste burning
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
16/46
Annual NOx Emissions Inventory 2010
Total = 175,300 tons/year
TR = transport; PP = power plant; IND = industries; CON = construction activities; BK = brick kilns; GS = generator
sets; RD = road dust; DOM = domestic; WB = waste burning
Dr. Guttikunda, Sarath, Urban air pollution Analysis Ahmedabad, Gujarat, March 2011
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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% Contribution form brick kiln operators
Dr. Guttikunda, Sarath, Urban air pollution Analysis Ahmedabad, Gujarat, March 2011
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
18/46
-E N E R G Y –
- B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T -
: Making : Maintaining : Recycling : Destroying :
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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8%
15%
20%
5%
15%4%
4%
10%
10%
9%
Building Component
Infiltration
Wall Conduction
Roof Construction
Equipment
Lighting
Occupants
Indian Buildings and Energy consumption
Source: Dr N.K.Bansal, CES, IIT New Delhi
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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Lighting
14%
AC
35%Fans
17%
Coolers
2%
Refrigerators
7%
TV
20%
Others
5%
Residential Buildings Lighting
AC
Fans
Coolers
Refrigerators
TV
Others
Indian Buildings and Energy consumption
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
21/46
Reduction in extraction of top soil
Increase thermal performance of building
envelop
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
22/46
• To quantify the thermal performance of buildings
made of resource efficient bricks
• To draw a comparative energy performance of
buildings between REB’s and other walling
materials.
Energy Analysis & Resource Savings
Of Resource Efficient Bricks
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
23/46
Brick wall
U Value: 1.679
18mm Plaster
Outside
230 mm thk Brick
12 mm Plaster
Inside
Brick -Cavity wall
U Value: 1.265
200 mm
thk brick
outside115 mm
air gap
115 mm
brick Inside
Energy Analysis & Resource Savings
Heat transfer through the Wall
18mm Plaster
outside
230 mm thk
Fly ash brick
12mm Plaster
inside
Fly Ash wall
U Value: 1.555
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
24/46
Concrete Block wall
U value:2.477
18mm Plaster
outside
200 mm thk Concrete
block
12 mm Plaster inside
REB wall
U value:1.479
200 mm thk
Resource Efficient
Brick
Energy Analysis & Resource Savings
Heat transfer through the Wall
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
25/46
Concrete
Blocks
400 m² 40 % WWR Ahmedabad
Delhi
Chennai
Bangalore
Bricks
Cavity wall
Fly ash
bricks
REB
Building Energy Simulation methodology
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
26/46
Material Type A:NORMAL BRICKS
Thermal properties
18mm plaster
light weight
(outside)
(115x230x75)
brick Work 200
mm
12mm plaster
light weight
(Inside)
U-Value
(ASSEMBLY)
Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 0.84 0.16
1.679
Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 800 1000
Density (kg/m3) 600 1700 600
Surface Properties
Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9 0.9
Solar Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5
Visible Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5
Material Type B:CAVITY WALL
Thermal properties
Brick Work
(Outer Leaf) 115
mm
Air Gap (50
mm
downwards)
Brick Work
(Outer Leaf)
230mm
U-Value
(ASSEMBLY)
Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.84
Thermal
Resistance
0.21
0.84
1.265
Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 800 800
Density (kg/m3) 1700 1700
Surface Properties
Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9
Solar Absorptance 0.7 0.7
Visible Absorptance 0.7 0.7
U values considered for Energy Simulations
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
27/46
Material Type C: FLYASH+ Plaster
Thermal properties 18 mm Plaster
(outside)
Fly Ash Brick
230mm
12 mm (inside)
Plaster
U-Value
(ASSEMBLY)
Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 0.7 0.16
1.55
Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 800 1000
Density (kg/m3) 600 1570 600
Surface Properties
Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9 0.9
Solar Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5
Visible Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5
Material Type D: CONCRETE Block
Thermal properties
18 mm
(outside)
Plaster
[400x230x200]
Concrete block
12 mm
(inside)
Plaster
U-Value
(ASSEMBLY)
Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 1.63 0.16
2.47
Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 1000 1000
Density (kg/m3) 600 2300 600
Surface Properties
Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9 0.9
Solar Absorptance 0.5 0.6 0.5
Visible Absorptance 0.5 0.6 0.5
U values considered for Energy Simulations
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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Material Type E: RESOURCE EFFICIENT BRICKS
Thermal bulk properties
18 mm
(outside)
Plaster
[400x200x200]
REB
200mm thick
12 mm
(inside)
Plaster
U-Value
(ASSEMBLY)
Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 0.621
0.16
1.47
Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 8002
1000
Density (kg/m3) 600 783
3600
Surface Properties
Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9 0.9
Solar Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5
Visible Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5
ROOF PROPERTIES
Thermal properties (ROOF)
18mm
plaster
(outside)
150 mm
Concrete
(Medium
Weight)
12mm plaster
Dense
(Inside)
U-Value
(ASSEMBLY)
Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 1.15 0.16
3.14
Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 1000 1000
Density (kg/m3) 600 1800 600
Surface Properties
Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9 0.9
Solar Absorptance 0.5 0.6 0.5
Visible Absorptance 0.5 0.6 0.5
U values considered for Energy Simulations
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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1.67
1.261.55
2.47
1.47
00.40.81.21.6
22.42.8
Normal Bricks Cavity wall Fly Ash Concrete Block
REB
U values of Wall Materials
Comparative U values considered for Simulations
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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170
170.5
171
171.5
172
172.5
173
173.5
174
Normal bricks+plaster
Cavity Wall Flyash +plaster Concrete block+plaster
Reb +Plaster
kWh
/m²/
year
Chiller consumption
Annual Chiller Energy Consumption – Ahmedabad(Hot & dry)
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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0.32
1.33
0.10
1.68
Normal Brick wall
Cavity wall Fly ash Wall Concrete wall REB Wall
% Increase in Chiller energy - compared to REB
Annual Chiller Energy Consumption – Ahmedabad(Hot & dry)
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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235
235.5
236
236.5
237
237.5
238
238.5
239
239.5
240
Normal bricks+plaster
Cavity Wall Flyash +plaster Concrete block+plaster
Reb +Plaster
kWh
/m²/
Year
Fuel Totals
Annual Total Energy Consumption-Ahmedabad
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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0.2
0.81
0.03
1.3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Normal Brick wall Cavity wall Fly ash Wall Concrete wall REB Wall
% Increase in total energy compared to REB
Total Energy Consumption – Ahmedabad(Hot & dry)
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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104.75
156.92171.11
185.89
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Bangalore Delhi Ahmedabad Chennai
kWh
/m²/
Year
Chiller Energy Consumption
Comparative Chiller Energy Consumption for REB
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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% Increase In Energy Consumption- In comparison to REB
Bangalore Delhi Ahmedabad Chennai
Chiller Energy
Total Energy
Chiller Energy
Total Energy
Chiller Energy
Total Energy
Chiller Energy
Total Energy
0.44 0.37 1.28 0.89 0.32 0.2 0.26 0.16
0.12 0.15 2.4 1.63 1.33 0.81 0.79 0.50
0.92 0.36 1.06 0.70 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.01
0.24 0.13 1.5 1.27 1.68 1.3 1.31 1.09
0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0
Comparative Chiller Energy Consumption & Total Energy for REB- Analyzed for different climate zones
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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Comparative carpet area available using different wall
types.
Quantifying Resource Savings
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
No
rmal
B
rick
s(1
10
x23
0x7
0)
Cav
ity
wal
l(2
30
x46
0x7
5)
Fly
Ash
b
rick
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Co
ncr
ete
bri
ck
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
REB
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
REB
(19
0x1
90
x90
)
REB
(29
0x9
0x9
0)
Are
a m
²
Carpet Area Available (m2)
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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Comparative area of space occupied by walls.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
No
rmal
Bri
cks
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Fly
Ash
b
rick
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Cav
ity
wal
l(2
30
x46
0x7
5)
Co
ncr
ete
blo
ck(4
00
x23
0x2
00
)
REB
(19
0x1
90
x90
)
REB
(29
0x9
0x9
0)
REB
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
Are
a m
²
Area occupied by walls
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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Comparative volume of walls occupied by different wall types
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
No
rmal
B
rick
s(1
10
x23
0x7
0)
Cav
ity
wal
l(2
30
x46
0x7
5)
Fly
Ash
b
rick
(11
0x2
30
x70)
Co
ncr
ete
bri
ck
(40
0x2
30x
20
0)
REB
(40
0x2
30x2
00
)
REB
(19
0x1
90
x90
)
REB
(29
0x9
0x9
0)
Vo
lum
e (
m³)
Volume of walls (m3)
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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Comparative no. of bricks used per m2
area
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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Comparative Number of bricks used per m² area of wall.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
No
rmal
Bri
cks
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Fly
Ash
b
rick
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Cav
ity
wal
l(2
30
x46
0x7
5)
Co
ncr
ete
blo
ck(4
00
x23
0x2
00
)
REB
(19
0x1
90
x90
)
REB
(29
0x9
0x9
0)
REB
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
Nu
mb
ers
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
No
rmal
B
rick
s(1
10
x23
0x7
0)
Cav
ity
wal
l(2
30
x46
0x7
5)
Fly
Ash
b
rick
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Co
ncr
ete
bri
ck
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
REB
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
REB
(19
0x1
90
x90
)
REB
(29
0x9
0x9
0)
Are
a m
²
500 m²(1:1 Square) 500 m²(1:2 Rectangle)
Comparing Area occupied by walls -Between Square and
Rectangle plan forms.
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
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C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
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430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
No
rmal
B
rick
s(1
10
x23
0x7
0)
Cav
ity
wal
l(2
30
x46
0x7
5)
Fly
Ash
b
rick
(11
0x2
30
x70
)
Co
ncr
ete
bri
ck
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
REB
(40
0x2
30
x20
0)
REB
(19
0x1
90
x90
)
REB
(29
0x9
0x9
0)
Are
a m
²
500 m²(1:1 Square) 500 m²(1:2 Rectangle)
Comparing carpet area between Square and Rectangle
plan forms for different wall materials:
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
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Total cost of construction
cost for Superstrcture (Rs)
cost for Plaster work (Rs)
cost for R.C.C (Rs)
cost for Steel (Rs)
Total without plaster for REB (Rs)
Total cost with plaster for REB (Rs)
conventional brick
23,000 16595 38,260 23,103 100,958 100,958
REB 20,000 Nil 38,260 23,103 81,363 97,958
NEXT STEPS...
Room size = 3m x 3m x 3m
Conventional brick = 230 x 110
x 75mm
REB = 400 x 200 x 200mm
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
44/46
NEXT STEPS...
Invitation to become industry partner at NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING……….
TERI – UNDP Resource Efficient Brick Project and CEPT University Ahmedabad
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
45/46
“A great building must begin with the unmeasurable,
must go through measurable means when it is being designed and
in the end must be unmeasurable.”
Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal
CEPT University
T h u r s d a y ,
A u g u s t 2 5 , 2 0 1 1
C H A N D I G A R H
Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011
46/46
Rajan Rawal, Faculty of Design, CEPT University, K.L.Campus, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009
T H A N K Y O U
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