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NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTION
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nut-
Ri-tion
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FOOD
Provide energy and new molecules
to replace those that the body usesNUTRIENTS
Component of food and drink thatprovide growth, replacement, andenergy
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
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vitaminsversus
minerals
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CALORIES
Measurement of amount of energy
derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional RequirementsPer Day
Carbohydrates 45
65%Proteins 10 35%
Lipids 20 35%
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vi-
tamins
Vitamins!
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VITAMIN
is an organic compound required asa nutrient in tiny amounts by anorganism
Derived from Vitamine
4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
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fat-soluble Vitamins
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Other Name: RetinolFunction:
Vision
To heal eye and skin injuries
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Nightblindness/Blindness
Keratinization of epithelium and cornea
Best Food Source: Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,
sweet potatoes
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The pigment-bearing portion of
rhodopsin is retinal, a substanceformed by oxidation ofvitamin A. The
protein portion is opsin.
In a bright light rhodopsin breaks down
into retinal and opsin;
in thedark the process is reversed
.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630964/vitamin-Ahttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630964/vitamin-A7/31/2019 Nutrition Biochem
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN D
Other Name: CalciferolFunction:
Promotes calcium and phosphateabsorption and mobilization
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Rickets (children): pliable bones
Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones
Best Food Source: Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,
eggs, milk
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN E
Other Name: TocopherolFunction:
Antioxidant
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: In cases of malabsorption such as
cystic fibrosis: anemia
In premature infants: anemia
Best Food Source: Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips,
spinach
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Ant iox idan t s - protect cells from free radicals
F r e e r a d i c a l s - molecules that contain anunshared electron. damage cells and might contribute to the development of
cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Unshared electrons are highly energetic and react rapidly
with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). ENDOGENOUS, ENVIRONMENT
Their chief danger damage to DNA,cellmembrane.
Antioxidants are molecules which can safely interact with freeradicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules aredamaged.
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN K
Other Name: PhylloquinoneFunction:
Blood clotting
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in
newborns)
Best Food Source:
Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beefliver
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Water-soluble
Vitamins
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Vitamin B complexes:vitamin B1 (thiamine)
vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide)vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B7 (biotin)vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
and folic acid
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B1
Other Name: Thiamine
Function:
Coenzyme (needed in proper function ofenzymes) in oxidative carboxylation and in the
pentose phosphate shunt Properly use CARBOHYDRATES
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Beriberi
In alcoholics: heart failure, WernickesEncephalopathy andKorsakoffs Psychosis
Pulmonary congestion
Best Food Source:
Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B2
Other Name: RiboflavinFunction:
Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: invasion of cornea by capillaries
Cheilosis
Dermatitis
Best Food Source: Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,
mushrooms, beans
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID
Other Name: NiacinFunction:
Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: Pellagra
Best Food Source:
Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice,beans, berries
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B6
Other Name: PyridoxineFunction:
Coenzyme in transamination
Heme synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Convulsions
Chronic anemia
Peripheral neuropathy
Best Food Source:
Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B9
Other Name: Folic Acid;Pteroylglutamic Acid
Function:
Coenzyme in methylation and in DNAsynthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Anemia
Best Food Source: Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange
juice
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B12
Other Name: CyanocobalaminFunction:
Part of methyl-removing enzyme infolate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Patchy demyelination
Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and
brainBest Food Source:
Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B5
Other Name: Pantothenic AcidFunction:
Part of CoA
Fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Depression
Best Food Source: Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,
heart
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B7
Other Name: BiotinFunction:
Synthesis of fatty acids
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: Dermatitis, nausea, depression
Best Food Source:
Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C
Other Name: Ascorbic AcidFunction:
Antioxidant
Hydroxylation of collagen
Wound healing
Bond formation
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
ScurvyBest Food Source:
Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,tomatoes
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MINERALS
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MINERALS
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Chloride Phosphorus
Magnesium
Iron Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Chromium
Molybdenum Cobalt
Selenium
Iodine Fluorine
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Potassium
Providesmembranepotential
Muscle Weakness
Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyteimbalances
CalciumBone formation;Hormonal function;Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction
Muscle cramps;osteoporosis,fragile bones,coagulopathy
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Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte
imbalances
Phosphorus Balancing calciumin the diet
Structuralweakness in bones
Magnesium Cofactor inenzymes
Hypocalcemia
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Iron
Oxidativephosphorylation;hemoglobin
synthesis
Anemia
Zinc Cofactor inenzymes; insulin
Retarded growth;enlarged liver
Copper Oxidative enzymescofactor
Loss of hairpigmentation;anemia
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Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of
hair and nails
Chromium Glucosemetabolism
Glucose notavailable to cells
Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth
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Cobalt Component of
Vitamin B12Pernicious anemia
Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders
Iodine Thyroid glandfunction
Goiter andthyroiditis
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Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH