Nutrition Biochem

7/31/2019 Nutrition Biochem

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NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTION


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nut-

Ri-tion


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FOOD

Provide energy and new molecules

to replace those that the body usesNUTRIENTS

Component of food and drink thatprovide growth, replacement, andenergy

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water


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vitaminsversus

minerals


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CALORIES

Measurement of amount of energy

derived from food

1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional RequirementsPer Day

Carbohydrates 45

65%Proteins 10 35%

Lipids 20 35%


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vi-

tamins

Vitamins!


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VITAMIN

is an organic compound required asa nutrient in tiny amounts by anorganism

Derived from Vitamine

4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

9 Water-Soluble Vitamins


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fat-soluble Vitamins


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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

VITAMIN A

Other Name: RetinolFunction:

Vision

To heal eye and skin injuries

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

Nightblindness/Blindness

Keratinization of epithelium and cornea

Best Food Source: Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,

sweet potatoes


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The pigment-bearing portion of

rhodopsin is retinal, a substanceformed by oxidation ofvitamin A. The

protein portion is opsin.

In a bright light rhodopsin breaks down

into retinal and opsin;

in thedark the process is reversed

.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630964/vitamin-Ahttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630964/vitamin-A


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VITAMIN D

Other Name: CalciferolFunction:

Promotes calcium and phosphateabsorption and mobilization


Rickets (children): pliable bones

Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones

Best Food Source: Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,

eggs, milk


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VITAMIN E

Other Name: TocopherolFunction:

Antioxidant

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: In cases of malabsorption such as

cystic fibrosis: anemia

In premature infants: anemia

Best Food Source: Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips,

spinach


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Ant iox idan t s - protect cells from free radicals

F r e e r a d i c a l s - molecules that contain anunshared electron. damage cells and might contribute to the development of

cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Unshared electrons are highly energetic and react rapidly

with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). ENDOGENOUS, ENVIRONMENT

Their chief danger damage to DNA,cellmembrane.

Antioxidants are molecules which can safely interact with freeradicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules aredamaged.


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VITAMIN K

Other Name: PhylloquinoneFunction:

Blood clotting

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in

newborns)

Best Food Source:

Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beefliver


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Water-soluble

Vitamins


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Vitamin B complexes:vitamin B1 (thiamine)

vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide)vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Vitamin B7 (biotin)vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

and folic acid


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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

VITAMIN B1

Other Name: Thiamine

Function:

Coenzyme (needed in proper function ofenzymes) in oxidative carboxylation and in the

pentose phosphate shunt Properly use CARBOHYDRATES


Beriberi

In alcoholics: heart failure, WernickesEncephalopathy andKorsakoffs Psychosis

Pulmonary congestion

Best Food Source:

Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver


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VITAMIN B2

Other Name: RiboflavinFunction:

Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: invasion of cornea by capillaries

Cheilosis

Dermatitis

Best Food Source: Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,

mushrooms, beans


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VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID

Other Name: NiacinFunction:

Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: Pellagra

Best Food Source:

Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice,beans, berries


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VITAMIN B6

Other Name: PyridoxineFunction:

Coenzyme in transamination

Heme synthesis


Convulsions

Chronic anemia

Peripheral neuropathy

Best Food Source:

Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat


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VITAMIN B9

Other Name: Folic Acid;Pteroylglutamic Acid

Function:

Coenzyme in methylation and in DNAsynthesis


Anemia

Best Food Source: Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange

juice


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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS


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VITAMIN B12

Other Name: CyanocobalaminFunction:

Part of methyl-removing enzyme infolate metabolism


Patchy demyelination

Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and

brainBest Food Source:

Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney


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VITAMIN B5

Other Name: Pantothenic AcidFunction:

Part of CoA

Fat and carbohydrate metabolism


Gastrointestinal disturbances

Depression

Best Food Source: Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,

heart



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VITAMIN B7

Other Name: BiotinFunction:

Synthesis of fatty acids

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases: Dermatitis, nausea, depression

Best Food Source:

Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk



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VITAMIN C

Other Name: Ascorbic AcidFunction:

Antioxidant

Hydroxylation of collagen

Wound healing

Bond formation


ScurvyBest Food Source:

Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,tomatoes


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MINERALS


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MINERALS

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

Chloride Phosphorus

Magnesium

Iron Zinc

Copper

Manganese

Chromium

Molybdenum Cobalt

Selenium

Iodine Fluorine


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Potassium

Providesmembranepotential

Muscle Weakness

Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyteimbalances

CalciumBone formation;Hormonal function;Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction

Muscle cramps;osteoporosis,fragile bones,coagulopathy


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Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte

imbalances

Phosphorus Balancing calciumin the diet

Structuralweakness in bones

Magnesium Cofactor inenzymes

Hypocalcemia


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Iron

Oxidativephosphorylation;hemoglobin

synthesis

Anemia

Zinc Cofactor inenzymes; insulin

Retarded growth;enlarged liver

Copper Oxidative enzymescofactor

Loss of hairpigmentation;anemia


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Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of

hair and nails

Chromium Glucosemetabolism

Glucose notavailable to cells

Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth


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Cobalt Component of

Vitamin B12Pernicious anemia

Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders

Iodine Thyroid glandfunction

Goiter andthyroiditis


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Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay


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THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Nutrition Biochem

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