Cells & Cell OrganellesDoing Lifes Work
AP Biology
2009-2010
Cytology Study of CellsCell Smallest unit of life that can carry out all functions of living things.
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Cell Size Small cells function more efficientlythan large. Why?
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Cell SizeAdvantage of many small cells exchange substances more readily - higher surface area-to-volume ratio Substances do not need to travel as far to reach the center of a smaller cell. Cell Races Activity
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Cell Size
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Discovery of CellsRobert Hooke- 1665 Looked at cork under microscope Coined the term cells Later, scientists would discover cells contain living matter
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Anton von Leeuwenhook 1670s Used glass lens to magnify Simple microscope with only 1 lens
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The Cell TheoryContributors 1. Matthias Schleiden 1838 (botanist) All plants are made of cells 2. Theodor Schwann 1839 (zoologist) All living things are made of cells
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The Cell Theory Contributors (cont.)3. Rudolph Virchow 1855 (physician) Cells come only from other cells (Biogenesis) Before this, spontaneous generation was the accepted ideaHeyMice are always coming out of the hay!
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The Cell Theory States1. All living things are made of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3. All cells arise from existing cells
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Other discoveries made using microscopesLouis Pasteur 1862. Microscopic organisms cause disease.
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Other discoveries made using microscopesWalter Fleming 1882. First to see chromatin in nucleus and watch cell division.
Q: Explain the statement- The progress of biology often depends on advances of technology.Regents Biology
Types of Microscope1. Compound Light Microscope 2 lenses. (We use these in class)* - magnification up to 1000x 2. Electron microscopes use beam of electron to map the specimen. Used since 1950s. -Magnification up to 1,000,000x -Specimen is fixed and vacuum sealed, must be dead
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Any Questions?
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Types of cells
bacteria cellsProkaryote- no organelles
Eukaryotes- organelles
animal cellsRegents Biology
plant cells
Cell size comparisonAnimal cell Bacterial cell
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
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micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells? Cells p Tissues p Organs p Bodiesbodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!
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The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live
breathe gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out
eat take in & digest food
make energy ATP
ATP
build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids
remove wastes control internal conditions homeostasis
respond to external environment build more cells
Regents Biology growth, repair, reproduction & development
The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs
make energy need energy for all activities need to clean up waste produced while making energyOur organelles do all these jobs!
make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them
make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells
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Organelles Organelles do the work of cells
each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
Theyre like mini-organs!
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Model Animal Cell
1. Cells need power! Making energy
to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must
ATP
take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles Mitochondria Chloroplasts (plants)
organelles that do this work
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Cell membrane Functionseparates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell
phosphate head
lipid tail
O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells
Structure
double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer
receptor molecules proteins
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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place
cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
Vacuoles & vesicles Functionmoving material around cell storage
small food particle
Structure
membrane sacvacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes
vesicle vesicle filled w/ Regents Biology digested nutrients
Food & water storage plant cellscentral vacuole food vacuole
animal cells
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contractile vacuole
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
Function
Lysosomes
digest food used to make energy
clean up & recycle digest broken organelles
Structure
lysosomes
membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles
small food particle
vacuole
digesting foodRegents Biology
A Job for Lysosomes6 weeks
15 weeks
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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
Mitochondria Function
make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2 p ATP fuels the work of life
Structure
ATP
double membrane
in both animal & plant cellsRegents Biology
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria
make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration sugar + O2 p ATP make energy + sugar from sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 p ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy
ATP
Chloroplasts
sugar
ATP
build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars
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Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells
mitochondriaRegents Biology
chloroplast
cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles
central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support
mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up
2. Cells need workers = proteins! Making proteins
to run daily life & growth, the cell must read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work
nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus
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Proteins do all the work!one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because proteins do all the work!structural enzymes signals receptors DNARegents Biology
proteins
cells
Nucleus Functioncontrol center of cell protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structurenuclear membrane nucleolus
ribosome factory
chromosomes DNA
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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA
mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
Ribosomes Function
protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA some free in cytoplasm some attached to ERRibosomes on ER
Structure
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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell
mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
ribosomes build proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
works on proteins after ribosome builds them
makes membranes rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins
Structure
smooth ER makes membranes
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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
nucleus protects DNA controls cell
mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER works on proteins makes membranes
ribosomes builds proteins
Golgi Apparatus Function
finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles UPS trucks
vesicles carrying proteins
Structure
membrane sacs
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transport vesicles
cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
nucleus protects DNA controls cell
mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER helps finish proteins makes membranes
ribosomes builds proteins Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins
nucleus DNA RNA
endoplasmic reticulum
protein on its way! vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle ribosomesTO:
protein Golgi apparatus Making ProteinsRegents Biology
finished protein
nucleus control cell protects DNA cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology
nucleolus make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support
chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up
3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells
to replace, repair & grow, the cell must copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new daughter cells
organelles that do this work nucleus centrioles
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Centrioles Function
help coordinate cell division only in animal cells
Structure
one pair in each cell
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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage centrioles cell division
lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
nucleus protects DNA controls cell
mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER helps finish proteins makes membranes
ribosomes builds proteins Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins
Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs
make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastesOur organelles do all those jobs!
make proteins need instructions from DNA
need to chain together amino acids & finish & ship the protein
make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
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Any Questions?
AP Biology
2009-2010
Cell Study Lab #4: Due Monday
Cheek stained w/ Methylene blue
Elodea cells - unstained
What organelles can we see in each?
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Cork cells - unstained
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