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NANOTECHNOL
OGYCharacterization & synthesis
of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by
wet chemical Process
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SUBMITTED BY:- RAHUL
JAISWAL
B.Sc LIFE SCIENCES 2ND
YEAR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr.VINAYGUPTA, Department of Physics andAstrophysics, University of Delhi for giving
me permission to commence this project in thefirst instance, to do the necessary research workand to use departmental data. I have furthermoreto thank ANJALI MADAM, AMIT SIR who helped &encouraged me to go ahead with my project.
I am deeply indebted Prof. Dr. HARISH whosehelp, stimulating suggestions and
encouragement helped me in all the time ofresearch for and writing of this project.
Especially, I would like to give my special thanksto my parents whose patient love enabled me tocomplete this work.
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DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the matter embodied in the project
entitled Characterization & synthesis of ZnO
Nanoparticles Synthesized by wet chemical
Process has been carried out by RAHUL JAISWAL at
the Department of Physics and Astrophysics under
the supervision ofProf. Dr.VINAY GUPTA for his short-
term programmed in Nanotechnology and that it has
not been submitted elsewhere for award of any degree
or diploma.
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CONTENTS
NANOTECHNOLOGY
a)NANOMETER
b)HISTORRY
c) PIONEERS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOPARTICLES
a)HISTORY
b)PROPERTIESFABRICATIONS OF NANOTECNOLOGY
CHARECTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
a)UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY
b)X-RAY DIFFRACTION
WHY I CHOOSE ONLY ZnO NANOPARTICLES
SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES
RESULT
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CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the creation of
USEFUL/FUNCTIONAL materials, devices andsystems (of any useful size) through
control/manipulation of matter on the nanometer
length scale and exploitation of novel
phenomena and properties which arise because
of the nanometer length scale:
NANOMETER:
One billionth (10-9) of a meter
Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm
Proteins ~ 1-20 nm
Diameter of human hair ~ 10 m
BRIEF REMINDING OF THE HISTORY
RELATED TO NANOTECHNOLOGY :
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1959
Feynman gives after-dinner talk describingmolecular machines building with atomicprecision
1974Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paperon ion-sputter machining
1977
Drexleroriginates molecular nanotechnologyconcepts at MIT
1981First technical paperon molecular engineering tobuild with atomic precisionSTM invented
1985Buckyball discovered
1986First bookpublished,AFM invented, Firstorganization formed
1987First protein engineered, First university
symposium1988First university course
1989IBM logo spelled in individual atoms , Firstnational conference
1990First nanotechnology journal
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http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html8/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present
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1991
Japan''s MITI announces bottom-up "atomfactory"Carbon nanotube discovered
1992First textbookpublished
1993First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded
First coverage ofnanotech from White House"Engines of Creation" bookgiven to Riceadministration, stimulating first universitynanotech center
1996NASA begins workin computational nanotechFirst nanobio conference
1997First company founded: ZyvexFirst design of nanorobotic system
1998First NSF forum , First DNA-basednanomechanical device
1999First Nanomedicine bookpublished
2000President Clinton announces U.S. NationalNanotechnology InitiativeFirst state research initiative: $100 million inCalifornia
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http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.html8/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present
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2001
Firstreport on nanotech industryU.S. announces first center for militaryapplications
2003Drexler/Smalleydebate ispublished in Chemical& Engineering News
2004
Firstpolicy conference on advanced nanotechFirstcenter for nanomechanical systems
2005AtNanoethics meeting, Roco announcesnanomachine/nanosystem project count hasreached 300
2006National Academies nanotechnology report callsfor experimentation toward molecularmanufacturing
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http://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=23288/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present
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P IONEERS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Richard Feynman:
Was anAmericanphysicist. For his contributions to
the development of quantum electrodynamics,
Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physicsin
1965.He for the first time introduced the
concept of nanotechnology. His famous books
are calledThere's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and
Physics.Feynman is also known for his semi-
autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr.
Feynman!andWhat Do You Care What Other PeopleThink?
Norio Taniguchi(27 May1912 - 15November1999):
was a professor ofTokyo Science University. Hecoined the term nanotechnologyin 1974 todescribe semiconductor processes such as thinfilm deposition and ion beam milling exhibitingcharacteristic control on the order of ananometer: "Nano-technology mainly consistsof the processing of separation, consolidation,
and deformation of materials by one atom or onemolecule."
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology8/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present
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Professor Taniguchi was the recipient ofEuspen's
1st Lifetime Achievement Awardwhich waspresented in Bremen, May 1999.
Kim Eric Drexler(bornApril 25, 1955)
Is anAmericanengineer best known for
popularizing the potential ofmolecular
nanotechnology(MNT), from the 1970s and 1980s.
His 1991 doctoral thesis atMITwas revised and
published as the book "Nanosystems Molecular
Machinery Manufacturing and Computation" (1992),
which received theAssociation of American
Publishers award for Best Computer Science.
Drexler in his 1986 bookEngines of Creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnologyto describe what
later became known as molecular nanotechnology
(MNT).He proposed the idea of a nanoscale
"assembler" which would be able to build a copy
of itself and of other items of arbitrary
complexity. He also coined the term grey goo.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo8/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present
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NANOPARTICLES
NANOPARTICLE is defined as a small object thatbehaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport
and properties. It is further classified according
to size: In terms ofdiameter, fine particles
cover a range between 100 and 2500
nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the
other hand, are sized between 1 and 100
nanometers.
HISTORY OF NANOPARTICLES:
Nanoparticles were used byartisansas far back
as the 9th century in Mesopotamia for
generating a glittering effect on the surface of
pot
PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES:
Properties of nanoparticles both chemical &
physical are different from than those of bulk
materials. The change in properties is not always
desirable. Like
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitter8/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present
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1. Different colour of metals nanoparticles
than bulk like gold nanoparticles appearsred.
2. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm
are considered super hard materials that do
not exhibit the same malleabilityand
ductilityas bulk copper.
3. The reduction in incipientmelting
temperature of nanoparticles
4. Sintering can take place at lower
temperatures, over shorter time scales than
for larger particles.
REASONS BEHIND THE DIFFERENTPRO PERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES FROM
TH AT OF BULK MATERIALS
Drastic increase in the surface to volume ratio
as the particle size is reduced below 100nm
leading to:--
1.Restriction in delocalization of electron with
reduced size
2.Ability of surface to make larger excursions
from their equilibrium position leading to a
change in structure with size. E.g. gold
nanoparticles when smaller
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becomes isohedral instead of the bulk FCC
arrangement3. Dominance of the interfacial phenomenon.
FABRICATION OF
NANOPARTICLES
Characterization
Technique1. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.
2.powder x-ray diffractometry[XRD].
3. atomic force microscopy[AFM].
4. electron microscopy[TEM,SEM].
5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
[FTIR]
Ultraviolet-visible
spectroscopy
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A beam of light from a visible and/or UV lightsource (colored red) is separated into itscomponent wavelengths by a prism or diffraction
grating. Each monochromatic (singlewavelength) beam in turn is split into two equalintensity beams by a half-mirrored device. Onebeam, the sample beam (colored magenta),
passes through a small transparent container(cuvette) containing a solution of the compoundbeing studied in a transparent solvent. The other
beam, the reference (colored blue), passesthrough an identical cuvette containing only the
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solvent. The intensities of these light beams are
then measured by electronic detectors andcompared. The intensity of the reference beam,which should have suffered little or no lightabsorption, is defined as I0. The intensity of thesample beam is defined as I. Over a short periodof time, the spectrometer automatically scans allthe component wavelengths in the mannerdescribed. The ultraviolet (UV) region scanned isnormally from 200 to 400 nm, and the visible
portion is from 400 to 800 nm.
IF the sample compound does not absorb light ofof a given wavelength, I = I0. However, if thesample compound absorbs light then I is lessthan I0, and this difference may be plotted on a
graph versus wavelength, as shown on the right.Absorption may be presented as transmittance(T= I/I0) orabsorbance (A= log I0/I). If noabsorption has occurred, T = 1.0 and A= 0. Mostspectrometers display absorbance on the verticalaxis, and the commonly observed range is from0 (100% transmittance) to 2 (1% transmittance).
The wavelength of maximum absorbance is acharacteristic value, designated asmax.
Different compounds may have very differentabsorption maxima and absorbance. Intenselyabsorbing compounds must be examined indilute solution, so that significant light energy is
received by the detector, and this requires the
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use of completely transparent (non-absorbing)
solvents. The most commonly used solvents arewater, ethanol, hexane and cyclohexane.
Solvents having double or triple bonds, or heavyatoms (e.g. S, Br & I) are generally avoided.Because the absorbance of a sample will be
proportional to its molar concentration in thesample cuvette, a corrected absorption value
known as the molar absorptivityis used whencomparing the spectra of different compounds.This is defined as:
Molar Absorptivity, = A/ c l( where A= absorbance,
c = sample concentration in moles/liter
&
l = length of light path through the cuvettein cm.)
Molar absoptivities may be very large for
strongly absorbing compounds ( >10,000)
and very small if absorption is weak ( = 10
to 100).
X-ray Diffraction
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X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with typical
photon energies in the range of 100 eV - 100keV.
For diffraction applications, only short
wavelength x-rays (hard x-rays) in the range of a
few angstroms to 0.1 angstrom (1 keV - 120 keV)
are used. Because the wavelength of x-rays is
comparable to the size of atoms, they are ideallysuited for probing the structural arrangement of
atoms and molecules in a wide range of
materials.
The energetic x-rays can penetrate deep into the
materials and provide information about the bulk
structure.
Powder XRD (X-ray Diffraction) is perhaps themost widely used x-ray diffraction technique forcharacterizing materials. As the name suggests,the sample is usually in a powdery form,consisting of fine grains of single crystallinematerial to be studied. The technique is usedalso widely for studying particles in liquidsuspensions or polycrystalline solids (bulk or thinfilm materials).
The term 'powder' really means that the
crystalline domains are randomly oriented in the
sample. Therefore when the 2-D diffraction
pattern is recorded, it shows concentric rings of
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scattering peaks corresponding to the various d
spacings inthe crystal lattice. The positions andthe intensities of the peaks are used for
identifying the underlying structure (or phase) of
the material.
Powder diffraction data can be collected usingeither transmission or reflection geometry, as
shown below. Because the particles in thepowder sample are randomly oriented, these twomethods will yield the same data. In the MRL x-ray facility, powder diffraction data are measuredusing the Philips XPERT MPD diffractometer,which measures data in reflection mode and isused mostly with solid samples, or the custombuilt 4-circle diffractometer, which operates intransmission mode and is more suitable for liquid
phase samples.
The peaks in an x-ray diffraction pattern aredirectly related to the atomic distances. Let usconsider an incident x-ray beam interacting with
the atoms arranged in a periodic manner as
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shown in 2 dimensions in the following
illustrations. The atoms, represented as greenspheres in the graph, can be viewed as formingdifferent sets of planes in the crystal (coloredlines in graph on left). For a given set of lattice
planes with an inter-plane distance of d, thecondition for a diffraction (peak) to occur can besimply written as
2dsin = n This is known as the Braggs law, after W.L.
Bragg, who first proposed it. In theequation, is
the wavelength of the x-ray, the scattering
angle, and n an integer representing the order ofthe diffraction peak. The Bragg's Law is one ofmost important laws used for interpreting x-raydiffraction data.
Bragg's Law applies to scattering centersconsisting of any periodic distribution of electrondensity. In other words, the law holds true if the
atoms are replaced by molecules or collections of
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molecules, such as colloids, polymers, proteins
and virus particles.
WHY I CHOOSE
ONLY ZnONANOPARTICLES?
BECAUSE:
1.ZnO has large band gap of 3.2eV - 3.4eVat
room temperature and large exciton-binding
energy of 60meV so can be used for exciton-
related optical devices.
2.ZnO is a semi-conducting, photo-conducting
and piezoelectric material had widely used as
transparent electrodes in solar cells, active
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channel in thin film transistor, varistors, and
chemical & gas sensors.3.Recently, ZnO is main attention among the
research community because of the tailoring
of its optical and electrical properties using
doping and find applications in the area of
spintronics, p-n junction, short wave length
optoelectronics devices
SYNTHESIS OF ZnO
NANOPARTICLES
My approach of synthesis of ZnO nano particles
is a wet chemical route, as reported by
Spanhel & Anderson. This synthesis consists of
two major steps:
1. Preparing the precursor by reacting Zinc
acetate with ethanol
2. Hydrolyzing the precursor to form ZnO
colloid by using lithium hydroxide.
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Zinc acetate dihydrate ((CH3COO)Zn.2H2O,
molecular weight= 219.50 from Thomas Baker)and absolute ethanol (spectrochem) were used
to prepare the precursors without any further
purification, and Lithium hydroxide monohydrate
(LiOH.H2O, molecular weight = 41.96 from
Thomas Baker), was used to hydrolyze the
precursor.
Following flowchart represents the steps involved
in the synthesis of nanoparticles through wet
chemical route
When zinc acetate is heated at 75C to prepare
an intermediate species through hydrolysis and
condensation, acetic acid is also produced, which
reacts with ethanol and results in the generation
of additional water through an esterification
process. One of the immediate species formed
by hydrolysis and condensation is ZnO (Ac)
which turns to zinchydroxy double salt byfollowing reactions:
Zn-OAc + HOH Zn-OH +
HOAc
Zn-OH + Zn-OAc Zn-O-Zn
+ HOAc
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Zn-O-Ac + HOH Zn-OH
+ Zn-OHThe addition of LiOH to the transparent precursor
leads to the formation of ZnO nanoparticles sol
along with the reaction products like lithium
acetate and HO through hydrolysis. Presence of
water plays an important role in growth of ZnO
nanoparticles, and therefore presence of water isstrictly controlled during the reaction and during
precipitation to obtain nanopowders.
The use of hydrocarbon with long chain, such as
hexane and heptane were reported to be suitable
for the precipitation of nanoparticles. Heptane is
preferable because of its less toxic in nature.
The size of ZnO nanoparticles can be varied by
varying the time of addition of n-heptane, by
increasing the time size of ZnO nanoparticles are
expected to increase.
In present experiment sample was
prepared by adding n-heptane after 1
hr.
RESULT:
ZnO SOL under UV LIGHT
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FIG: 1
FIG: 1 Clear ZnO sol when observed under UV light.Green florescence indicates the presence of ZnO
nanoparticles.
FIG: 2
FIG: 2ZnO nanoparticles under UV after adding n-heptane & keeping it over night. ZnO particles settle
down when n-heptane is added.
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FIG: 3
FIG: 3ZnO nanoparticles under UV after addingethanol & centrifuged (washing of ethanol)
RESULT BY UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
Optical transmission spectra of the ZnO sol was
recorded at room temperature in the wavelength
range 250 to 900 nm. The measurements were
made with reference to the ethanol medium to
cancel the effect of solvent. The onset of
fundamental absorption edge, which is obtained
by extrapolating the steep part of the
transmission curve, is found to be
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BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguc
hi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexl
er
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feyn
man
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/Nano
29 NANOTECHNOLOGY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/Nanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/NanoTop Related