Modeling and Simulation for Undersea System Concept Development, Test, and Evaluation
Prepared for:2017 International Test and Evaluation Association Symposium
04 October 2017
Applied Research LaboratoryP.O. Box 30 State College, PA 16804-0030 (814) [email protected] / [email protected]
Prepared by:M.L. Perini, Modeling and Simulation Programs
Undersea Systems Office, Applied Research Laboratory
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Distribution Statement A; Approved for Public Release
Narrower scope, higher fidelity
Intended use of the modeling and simulation tool dictates scope and fidelity requirements. Output from models on the lower levels of the pyramid stimulate models at the higher levels.
Broader scope, lower fidelity
Simulation for Undersea Warfare
TRM accommodates high-fidelity, physics-based models, and typically runs at the mission level or lower.
Output from TRM can stimulate other mission- and campaign-level models
e.g., GCAM(theatre defense, what it takes to win)
e.g., Sim II, BFEM(battle group ops, concept analyses)
e.g., TRM(performance analysis, NTTP/TACMEMO development, system interoperability)
e.g., TRM(subsystem, system development)
e.g., TRM(physics-based models, algorithm development)
Simulation Pyramid: Scope and Fidelity
Campaign
Mission
Engagement
System Engineering
Physics and Phenomenology
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Platforms•Submarines•Surface ships•Tactical doctrine •Surface ship wakes•Kinematics/dynamics•Active highlights•Radiated noise•UUVs
Propagation and Noise•Ray tracing / multipath•Site-specific SVPs•Range dependent•Ambient noise
Torpedo Subsystems•Warhead and fuzing•Warhead safe and arm•Propulsion•Autopilot•Sonar
Guidance and Control Development•Signal processing stream•Target classification and tracking•Tactics and guidance laws •Software-in-the-loop stimulation•Element-level time series
Torpedoes•Signal processing •Classification / tracking•Tactics / kinematics•Radiated noise•Active highlights•Thermal engine wakes•Operational SWIL
Environmentals•Surface scattering•Bottom scattering•Boundary characteristics •Variable bathymetry•Variable sediment•Mono/bistatic reverberation•Environmental false targets•Depth-dependent ocean currents•Bubble clouds from explosions•Ice keels•Biologicals
Platform Sensors•Towed, hull-mounted•Chin and sail arrays•Conformal
Countermeasures•US and foreign•Static/Dynamic/Towed•Multi-mode•Programmable
Technology Requirements Model:Variable fidelity, physics-based, fully repeatable digital
simulator for evaluating dynamic, undersea engagements.
NMSO VV&A Best Practices; Strict configuration managementIncludes Navy standard environmental models, Navy community system simulations, and native models, based on Navy/Industry specifications
Technology Requirements Model (TRM) Components
Runs on standard COTS platform
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; distribution unlimited
OTHERRadiatorsCountermeasuresCommand and ControlMinesDamage
Multiple Object
Acoustics/Dynamics
Interface
Common ARL Engagement Evaluator (CARLEE)
OBJECTMODELS
Active Scattering StrengthRadiated Noise SignatureMagnetic SignatureDynamicsBubble wakeTow profile, scatteringRadiated Noise
SONARMODELS
Self-NoiseBroadbandBeam FormingElement-level time seriesWave Form GenerationMutual InterferenceAcoustic communications
ENVIRONMENTALACOUSTICS
Sound PropagationMultipathsAmbient NoiseReverberationSurface/Bottom TypesBistaticsIce / False Targets
CARLEE provides common host environment for development or integration of any model or undersea system (e.g., platform, torpedo, anti-
torpedo torpedo, DCL system, countermeasure); supports evaluation of complex scenarios with representative system and acoustic interactions.
Torpedo-shaped object represents any system that can be run in TRM’s synthetic environment, whether torpedoes, platforms, CMs, TDCL
systems, ATTs…
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SYSTEM MODELS
• Modeling and Simulation of red systems (platforms, weapons, countermeasures, tactics) is used by blue technology system designers and developers of U.S. Navy fleet tactics
- U.S. Fleet torpedo development - Torpedo upgrades and rapid prototype development- Counter-countermeasure logic- Torpedo employment strategies- Fleet torpedo training- Countermeasure development and employment- Submarine evasion - Torpedo Detection, Classification, and Localization (TDCL) Systems- Countermeasure, Anti-Torpedo (CAT)- New ship developments - TACMEMO and NTTP support- Compact Rapid Attack Weapon (CRAW)- Harbor defense
• Characterizing the threat (i.e., Red Technology systems) is critical for Blue to surpass the threat (or, at minimum, to pace the threat)
The acquisition community needs intel-derived models to meet the emergent need
Threat Modeling for Undersea Warfare Analyses
Carts and Horses
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6
TRM Variable Fidelity in Signal Processor Models
Synthetic range -Doppler map generator
Detector
Background estimator
Cluster Parameter estimator
Frequency DomainReports
generator
Synthetic report generator
CARD_RD Reports
Synthetic range-Doppler map of noise/ reverberation
Detector
Background estimator
Cluster Parameter estimator
Element-Level Hybrid Time Series
ReportsInverse FFT
Add time-series generator for tones
Beam
-former
Window & FFT
Synthetic range-Doppler map of noise & reverberation
Detector
Background estimator
Cluster Parameter estimator
Beam-Level Hybrid Time Series
ReportsInverse FFT
Add time-series generator for tones
Window & FFT
threshold crossing Cluster Parameter estimator
CARD-CAReportsSynthetic
Fide
lity
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; distribution unlimited6
Dialed down fidelity permits concept analysis of systems
that are not well understood
Higher fidelity applied to analysis of existing and well-understood systems
Fidelity options enable analyses across the evolution of intel and development
CARD = Concept Assessment, Requirements Development
Acoustic Modeling
Active Sonar Models
),(),(),( kRX
ikkmkkTXiikm TLTSTLSRL ′′ −−′′+−−= θψβθψθψβ
Components of sonar equation represented in physics-based models
Rock Fields
Fish Schools Wakes
IceReverberation
Target Highlight ModelReceive PatternTransmit Pattern
Propagation Model Propagation Model
Variable bathymetry
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SCORE
HATTS
Environmental Server
TRM Environmental Modeling Tool
TRM User Tools
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Categories of Objects in TRM
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8 Platforms (Surface ships or submarines)
16 Countermeasures, tows, etc., per platform
10 Torpedoes (offensive and/or defensive)
20 Other objects (other craft, scatterers, radiators, etc.)
256 Environmental false targets
100 Mines (contact, magnetic, and acoustic; moored and bottom)
TRM supports study of engagements with high levels of complexity (e.g., salvos, layered defense)
Current memory footprint facilitates scenarios with up to:
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Notional Surface Ship Torpedo Defense Set-up
High-fidelity models not constrained to run in real time used in statistically significant run sets provide understanding of complex scenarios that cannot be evaluated in-water or with HWIL.
TRM Study Methodology
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Verification and Validation: •Scores of project-specific reports•Comparison of modeled data vs. water tunnel, test tank, bench data•Comparison of simulated/modeled data vs. hardware-in-the-loop simulators•Comparison of simulated/modeled data vs. in-water data•Reverberation model vs. in-water data•False alarm/false target models vs. on-range data•Instrumented vehicles and tows vs. simulated dynamics
Accreditation in Progress (paused for transition to rapid prototype effort):• Leverages accreditations for DDG-51 LFT&E (2003), CAT EDM-1 (2006), and LHA-6 LFT&E (2009)• V&V of common threat models begun under PMS-415 SCP, FY09• PMS-415 Joint (TDWG and SSTD) ARP/SCP Charter signed 18 October 2010• Draft CAT/TWS Accreditation Plan provided to Simulation Control Panel; follows MIL-STD-3022,
DoD Instruction 5000.61, and COMOPTEVFORINST 5000.1B• COTF, NUWC/NPT, Alion, ARL/PSU, and SPA prepared intended use statements for TWS
Accreditation Plan; awaits IEF and requirements letter• VV&A direction and counsel received from Dr. James Elele, DoN M&S VV&A Lead• Paused for Push-to-Bush initiative in 2012
Accreditation is necessarily associated with a particular intended use, identified by Accreditation Authorities.Absent formal accreditation effort, Stakeholder confidence is established for all program models.
TRM Verification, Validation, and Accreditation Status
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Robust, physics-based M&S capability supports concept development, system engineering, operational support and training, while saving untold $M.
Defense Acquisition Management Framework
Modeling and Simulation for System Development
TRL 9TRL 3-4 TRL 6 TRL 7 TRL 8
Pre-
conc
ept
TRL 5
TRL
1-2
1212
Feasibility, CONOPsRequirements, System Architecture, Detailed
Design
Implementation in Hardware and
Software
Test, Evaluation, Deployment
Operational Support, Training
TRM TRM
TRM TRM
TRM
Program Development Timeline
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Simulation-based Design
Proof of G&C concept eventually led to full system development (engine, propulsor, payload, etc.)
“Needlenose” vehicle: Guidance and Control section (small form factor) mounted via transition section to heavyweight test vehicle
Build, test, data collect, analyze, improve, build, test… process iterated to mature G&C concepts
Scenario Complexity
Field Program
Experimental Hardware
ConceptualSimulation
Algorithms
Operational code Raw data
Analyzed data Algorithms Analyzed data
Operational code Raw data
The early challenge: how to build a G&S in a small
form factor to prosecute a nontraditional target?
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https://news.usni.org/2013/06/20/navy-develops-torpedo-killing-torpedohttp://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=74665
One example of a system concept born in simulation, matured, exercised, and proven in simulation and in water
Undersea Vehicle Development
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Research Penn State, Spring 2017
When an acoustic sensor array towed behind a ship detects an approaching torpedo, a human operator on the ship fires the countermeasure anti-torpedo torpedo (CAT), which finds and “kills” the incoming torpedo.
Test-firing the CAT from supercarrierUSS George H.W. Bush
TRM’s synthetic acoustic environment provides input to modeled systems and operational software in the loop
Middleware Library
TRM Executive• Local Time Step Controller – pauses
TRM when it runs faster than real time• Local game board• Platform and torpedo Dynamics
Simulation Middleware
TRM Vehicles• Acoustics• SP• G&C• Autopilot• Warhead
TRM model interface is
identical to that for stand-alone use
• Periodic functions– Send Inventory– Send Weapon TELCOM– Send Weapon Position– Receive Environment Updates– Receive Target Updates
• Event Handlers– Send Active Emissions– Send Detonation Events– Receive Weapon Presets– Receive Fire Orders– Receive Wire Guides
(e.g., CORBA, Direct Calls)
TransportInterface Library
External Model, Simulation,
Trainer,…
Paradigm exists to link external tools; extends to other applications, models
TRM supports land-based and on-board fleet training
Interface
Shared Memory
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; distribution unlimited
TRM Digital Simulator, Stimulator, and Trainer
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Extensibility to UUV/UAV Development, Evaluation
Ocean current active
Ocean current inactive
Inset
Launch
Ocean current active
Ocean current inactive
Turn w/o effects of ocean current
Transit and turn with ocean current effects:• Time step increased during uneventful transit• Time step decreased during encounter with current• Time step decreased to perform sonar operations
Mission timein seconds
Leveraging Existing Models to Support New Initiatives
Flexible clock management and existing models enable rapid concept evaluation for new applications
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SummaryWhat Enables TRM to Support Undersea Warfare Applications?
A powerful asset in the Navy’s M&S and T&E Toolsets
Available and Affordable: Runs on COTS hardware
Multi-user; multi-siteSupports collaboration
Accurate: Physics-based;
empirically validated
Selectable Fidelity:Non-system-centric;
No real time requirement; Variable clock management;
Can run operational SWIL
Fully reproducible and Extensible
Objective, Stable:UARC-developed;
Navy has full data rights; Strict CM
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; distribution unlimited19
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