MICROQUASARS

Felix Mirabel

European Southern Observatory. Chile

Five international workshops

HIGH ENERGY SOURCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE

Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992

Black Hole

Wang et al. ApJ 2002

Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003

INTEGRAL

Chandra

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY

The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH

Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; T MBH

Unique system of equations: The maximum color temperatureof the accretion disk is:

Tcol M/ 10M)-1/4

(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)Waited era of space astronomy

For a given accretion rate:

LBol MBH ; ljet MBH ;

MBH-1 ; BMBH

-1/2 (Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)

QUASAR MICROQUASAR Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998)

APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs AS IN QSOs ?

SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A QSO

1 arcsec

Mirabel & Luis Rodriguez, 1994

Vapp > C for a DISTANCE > 8 Kpc

cm

THE PLASMA THAT RADIATES IN THE HARD

X-RAYS IS BLOWN IN SUPERLUMINAL JETS VLA

GRS 1915+105

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY

1) RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS

2) JETS ARE TWO-SIDED WHICH ALLOWS TO SOLVE EQUATIONS

3) MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN AGN

4) AGN (e.g M87) BETTER TO COLLIMATION MECHANISM (Birreta, Livio…)

WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOsMirabel & Rodriguez, 1994

DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLESSS433 Margon et al. (1979 - 1984)

Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)

SS433/W50

• ATOMIC NUCLEI MOVING AT 0.26c

• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec

• NON RADIATIVE JETS = “DARK” JETS

• > 50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED

1o = 60 pcarcsec

VLA 20cm

LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1

Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005

Ring diameter = 5 pc

LARGE-SCALE JETS IN GRS 1915+105 ? Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006)

Hot spots at ~ 50 pc

> 50% OF THE RELEASED

ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED

MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A QSOQSOs XTE J1550-564 & Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05

X-rays are produced by synchrotron electrons accelerated to TeV energies

ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION

ABSCENCE OF EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE AROUND 14 Msun

THE ONSET OF THE JET IS AT THE TIME OF A X-RAY “SPIKE”:

SUDDEN REFILL OF THE DISK & SHOCK THROUGH COMPACT JET

T MBH Mirabel et al. (1998) 1 hr = 30 yr in SgrA*

COMPACT STEADY JETS

• ~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING PLATEAU STATE

• SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c (Ribo, Mirabel & Dhawan 2005)

• LARGE SCALE JETS ARE SHOCKS PROPAGATING c

THROUGH THE SLOWER MOVING COMPACT JET

• COMPACT JET USED TO MEASURE SPACE VELOCITIES

Ribo, Mirabel & Dhawan (2005) Mirabel et. al, 1998

2.0 cm 3.6 cm

HOW ARE BLACK HOLE BINARIES FORM ?

THERE ARE THEORETICAL MODELS

e.g. Fryer & Kalogera ; Woosley & Heger (2002)

BUT FEW OBSERVATIONS !

Mirabel & I. Rodrigues (2001-05):

use the kinematics of QSOs to find out

•BIRTH PLACE & NATURE OF THE PROGENITOR STARS

•WHETHER THE PROGENITOR STAR ALWAYS EXPLODES AS AN ENERGETIC SUPERNOVA

A BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC HALO

XTE J1118+480 MBH~7 M M*=0.1–0.5 M ; l=158o b=+62o ; D=1.9 kpc

WAS THIS BH FORMED IN THE HALO, THICK DISK OR IN

THE GALACTIC THIN DISK BY A VIOLENT NATAL KICK ?

GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs

Yellow: Sun White: BH binary

Orbit typical of globular clusters

(Mirabel & Rodrigues, Nature 2001)

but

Solar abundances in the star

imply that the black hole formed

in a SN that polluted the donnor

(astro-ph by Gonzalez et al. 2006)

A RUNAWAY BLACK HOLEA LIKELY FOSSIL OF A GRBs

FORMED IN AN HYPER-NOVA (Israelian et al. Nature 2001)

Mirabel, Irapuan Rodrigues et al.

(A&A 395, 595, 2002)

Proper motion with HST +

radial velocity from ground

RUNAWAY VELOCITY ~120 km/s

MOMENTUM = 550 M km/s

as in runaway neutron stars

LOW-MASS BLACK HOLE FORMED

IN A LUMINOUS SUPERNOVA

GRO J1655-40 MBH ~ 4 M

ORBITS FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs

Yellow: Sun White: BH binary

THE RUNAWAY HMXB LS 5039 A VHE (> 100 GEV) sources detected with HESS (Aharonian, Science 2005)

Paredes, Ribo et al. 2002 Ribo et al. 2002

V = 100-140 km/s; e~0.5; Mj = 2000-5000 Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = 5-15 M

MX ~3.7 Msolar Mdonor ~ 23 Msolar e = 0.35 Casares et al. (2005)

EJECTION OF A Be/XRB FROM A CLUSTER

V ~ 27 km/s < 2M were blown away. Linear momentum = 430 M km/s.

IF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION IN THE PARENT CLUSTERS IS COEVAL:

Low mass compact objects such as in LSI +61 303, the magnetar SGR 1806-20 (Fuchs et al. 1999) and a X-ray pulsar in Westerlund 1 (Muno et al. 2006) may have been formed from very massive progenitors (> 40 M )

Mirabel, I. Rodrigues & Lu (A&A, 2004)

Massey et al. 1995

IC 1805

LSI +61 303: a VHE (>100 GEV) source detected with MAGIC (Gonzalez et al. 2006)

THE GALACTIC TRIP OF SCORPIUS X-1

SCO X-1 FORMED IN A GLOBULAR CLUSTER OR GALACTIC BULGE

The best determined XRB path (Mirabel & I. Rodrigues, 2003)

GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs

Yellow: Sun Blue: BH binary

THE ~10 M BLACK HOLE IN

Cyg X-1 WAS BORN IN THE DARK

V < 9 +/- 2 km/s

< 1 M ejected in SN

Otherwise it would have been shot out from the parent association of massive stars

MASSIVE STELLAR BH FORM PROMPTLY

Mirabel & I. Rodrigues, Science (2003)

FORMATION OF THE BH IN GRS 1915+105

Moves in the Galactic plane with Vb = 0 +/- 4 km/sec

VBH = (33 to 70) +/- 12 km/s for D = 9 to 12 kpc)

By dynamic diffusion velocity of old disk population is ~50 km/s

THE BH WAS FORMED PROMPTLY IN THE DISK

Black hole of 14 +/-4 M with a ~1 M donor (Greiner et al. 2002-3) VLBA astrometry during 7 yrs:6.8+/-0.2 mas/yr (Dhawan & Mirabel, 2005)

QSO -QSO -GRB ANALOGY HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, Sky&Tel ( 2002)

AN UNIVERSAL MAGNETO-HYDRODINAMIC MECHANISM FOR JETS ?

neutron star

no

no ?

SUMMARYMicroquasars have provided insight into:

-THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s-THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION-THE FORMATION OF BLACK HOLES AND NEUTRON STARS:

Can stars of >40 Msolar end as neutron stars rather than BHs ?

Do BHs of >10 Msolar form promptly rather than in bright SN ?

Microquasars could provide insight into:

• A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES

• GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES