MICROQUASARS
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Transcript of MICROQUASARS
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MICROQUASARS
Felix Mirabel
European Southern Observatory. Chile
Five international workshops
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HIGH ENERGY SOURCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE
Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992
Black Hole
Wang et al. ApJ 2002
Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003
INTEGRAL
Chandra
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QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY
The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH
Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; T MBH
Unique system of equations: The maximum color temperatureof the accretion disk is:
Tcol M/ 10M)-1/4
(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)Waited era of space astronomy
For a given accretion rate:
LBol MBH ; ljet MBH ;
MBH-1 ; BMBH
-1/2 (Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)
QUASAR MICROQUASAR Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998)
APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs AS IN QSOs ?
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SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A QSO
1 arcsec
Mirabel & Luis Rodriguez, 1994
Vapp > C for a DISTANCE > 8 Kpc
cm
THE PLASMA THAT RADIATES IN THE HARD
X-RAYS IS BLOWN IN SUPERLUMINAL JETS VLA
GRS 1915+105
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SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY
1) RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS
2) JETS ARE TWO-SIDED WHICH ALLOWS TO SOLVE EQUATIONS
3) MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN AGN
4) AGN (e.g M87) BETTER TO COLLIMATION MECHANISM (Birreta, Livio…)
WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOsMirabel & Rodriguez, 1994
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DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLESSS433 Margon et al. (1979 - 1984)
Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)
SS433/W50
• ATOMIC NUCLEI MOVING AT 0.26c
• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec
• NON RADIATIVE JETS = “DARK” JETS
• > 50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
1o = 60 pcarcsec
VLA 20cm
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LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1
Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005
Ring diameter = 5 pc
LARGE-SCALE JETS IN GRS 1915+105 ? Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006)
Hot spots at ~ 50 pc
> 50% OF THE RELEASED
ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
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MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A QSOQSOs XTE J1550-564 & Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05
X-rays are produced by synchrotron electrons accelerated to TeV energies
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ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION
ABSCENCE OF EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE AROUND 14 Msun
THE ONSET OF THE JET IS AT THE TIME OF A X-RAY “SPIKE”:
SUDDEN REFILL OF THE DISK & SHOCK THROUGH COMPACT JET
T MBH Mirabel et al. (1998) 1 hr = 30 yr in SgrA*
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COMPACT STEADY JETS
• ~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING PLATEAU STATE
• SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c (Ribo, Mirabel & Dhawan 2005)
• LARGE SCALE JETS ARE SHOCKS PROPAGATING c
THROUGH THE SLOWER MOVING COMPACT JET
• COMPACT JET USED TO MEASURE SPACE VELOCITIES
Ribo, Mirabel & Dhawan (2005) Mirabel et. al, 1998
2.0 cm 3.6 cm
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HOW ARE BLACK HOLE BINARIES FORM ?
THERE ARE THEORETICAL MODELS
e.g. Fryer & Kalogera ; Woosley & Heger (2002)
BUT FEW OBSERVATIONS !
Mirabel & I. Rodrigues (2001-05):
use the kinematics of QSOs to find out
•BIRTH PLACE & NATURE OF THE PROGENITOR STARS
•WHETHER THE PROGENITOR STAR ALWAYS EXPLODES AS AN ENERGETIC SUPERNOVA
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A BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC HALO
XTE J1118+480 MBH~7 M M*=0.1–0.5 M ; l=158o b=+62o ; D=1.9 kpc
WAS THIS BH FORMED IN THE HALO, THICK DISK OR IN
THE GALACTIC THIN DISK BY A VIOLENT NATAL KICK ?
GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun White: BH binary
Orbit typical of globular clusters
(Mirabel & Rodrigues, Nature 2001)
but
Solar abundances in the star
imply that the black hole formed
in a SN that polluted the donnor
(astro-ph by Gonzalez et al. 2006)
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A RUNAWAY BLACK HOLEA LIKELY FOSSIL OF A GRBs
FORMED IN AN HYPER-NOVA (Israelian et al. Nature 2001)
Mirabel, Irapuan Rodrigues et al.
(A&A 395, 595, 2002)
Proper motion with HST +
radial velocity from ground
RUNAWAY VELOCITY ~120 km/s
MOMENTUM = 550 M km/s
as in runaway neutron stars
LOW-MASS BLACK HOLE FORMED
IN A LUMINOUS SUPERNOVA
GRO J1655-40 MBH ~ 4 M
ORBITS FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun White: BH binary
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THE RUNAWAY HMXB LS 5039 A VHE (> 100 GEV) sources detected with HESS (Aharonian, Science 2005)
Paredes, Ribo et al. 2002 Ribo et al. 2002
V = 100-140 km/s; e~0.5; Mj = 2000-5000 Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = 5-15 M
MX ~3.7 Msolar Mdonor ~ 23 Msolar e = 0.35 Casares et al. (2005)
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EJECTION OF A Be/XRB FROM A CLUSTER
V ~ 27 km/s < 2M were blown away. Linear momentum = 430 M km/s.
IF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION IN THE PARENT CLUSTERS IS COEVAL:
Low mass compact objects such as in LSI +61 303, the magnetar SGR 1806-20 (Fuchs et al. 1999) and a X-ray pulsar in Westerlund 1 (Muno et al. 2006) may have been formed from very massive progenitors (> 40 M )
Mirabel, I. Rodrigues & Lu (A&A, 2004)
Massey et al. 1995
IC 1805
LSI +61 303: a VHE (>100 GEV) source detected with MAGIC (Gonzalez et al. 2006)
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THE GALACTIC TRIP OF SCORPIUS X-1
SCO X-1 FORMED IN A GLOBULAR CLUSTER OR GALACTIC BULGE
The best determined XRB path (Mirabel & I. Rodrigues, 2003)
GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR THE LAST 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun Blue: BH binary
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THE ~10 M BLACK HOLE IN
Cyg X-1 WAS BORN IN THE DARK
V < 9 +/- 2 km/s
< 1 M ejected in SN
Otherwise it would have been shot out from the parent association of massive stars
MASSIVE STELLAR BH FORM PROMPTLY
Mirabel & I. Rodrigues, Science (2003)
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FORMATION OF THE BH IN GRS 1915+105
Moves in the Galactic plane with Vb = 0 +/- 4 km/sec
VBH = (33 to 70) +/- 12 km/s for D = 9 to 12 kpc)
By dynamic diffusion velocity of old disk population is ~50 km/s
THE BH WAS FORMED PROMPTLY IN THE DISK
Black hole of 14 +/-4 M with a ~1 M donor (Greiner et al. 2002-3) VLBA astrometry during 7 yrs:6.8+/-0.2 mas/yr (Dhawan & Mirabel, 2005)
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QSO -QSO -GRB ANALOGY HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, Sky&Tel ( 2002)
AN UNIVERSAL MAGNETO-HYDRODINAMIC MECHANISM FOR JETS ?
neutron star
no
no ?
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SUMMARYMicroquasars have provided insight into:
-THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s-THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION-THE FORMATION OF BLACK HOLES AND NEUTRON STARS:
Can stars of >40 Msolar end as neutron stars rather than BHs ?
Do BHs of >10 Msolar form promptly rather than in bright SN ?
Microquasars could provide insight into:
• A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES
• GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES