Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
convergence with Agriculture Programmes
Dr Nilay RanjanRural Development and Convergence
ExpertUNDP-MORD, Technical Cell
Presentation Overview
Indian Agriculture-salient features Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Overview
MGNREGA & convergence Initiatives taken by the states government
Indian Agriculture: Salient Features
18% share of Agriculture in GDP 60% population dependent on Agriculture 121 million farm holdings (2001) Average size of operational holding: 1.3 ha. 82% of operational holdings small &
marginal (less than 2 hectares)
60% of cultivated area is rainfed 18% landless agriculture labour
Agricultural Growth
4.5
9.09.69.47.85.56.76.05.74.9
2.5
5.9
3.82.1
4.73.15.73.60
5
10
15
VthPlan
VIthPlan
VIIthPlan
VIIIthPlan
IXthPlan
XthPlan
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Total GDP Agriculture GDP
(Per cent)
Despite rising output, per capita availability of food grains has actually declined in the last ten years - from 500 gm a day in 1997 to about 400 gm a day currently.
Agriculture Growth: More Adversely Affected in Rainfed Areas
State
Growth rate in NSDP
AgricultureRainfed
%State
Growth rate in NSDP
AgricultureRainfed
% 1984/5
to 1995/6
1995/6
to 2004/5
1984/5 to
1995/6
1995/6 to
2004/5
Punjab 4.00 2.16 3 Gujarat 5.09 0.48 64
Haryana 4.60 1.98 17 Rajasthan 5.52 0.30 70
Uttar Pradesh 2.82 1.87 32 Orissa-
1.18 0.11 73
Tamil Nadu 4.95 -1.36 49Madhya Pradesh 3.63 -0.23 74
West Bengal 4.63 2.67 49 Karnataka 3.92 0.03 75
Bihar -1.71 3.51 52Maharashtra 6.66 0.10 83
Andhra Pradesh 3.18 2.69 59 Kerala 3.60 -3.54 85
All India 3.62 1.85 60 Assam 1.65 0.95 86
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act & Objectives
1. Providing wage employment opportunities
2. Creating sustainable rural livelihoods through rejuvenation of natural resource base i.e. augmenting productivity and supporting creation of durable assets
3. Strengthening rural governance through decentralisation and processes of transparency and accountability
An Act to provide for the enhancement of
livelihood security of the households in rural
areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of
Guaranteed wage employment in every
financial year to every household
Right based Framework
Time bound Guarantee of Employment
Labour Intensive Works
Payment of Wages through their Bank / Post Office accounts. Payment in any case not later than a fortnight
Decentralisation: PRIs will have a principal role in planning, monitoring and implementation, GPs will execute at least 50% of works
Women empowerment: At least one-third of the workers should be women
Transparency & Accountability Proactive disclosure of information Social Audit by the Gram Sabha is mandatoryOmbudsman to be set up
Use of Information TechnologyA Web enabled MIS www.nrega.nic.in for monitoring, decision making and transparency
NREGA: Salient Features
Nature of Works
Community Lands
Water conservation Water harvesting Irrigation Drought proofing Plantation & Afforestation Renovation of water
bodies Desilting of tanks &
canals Flood control measures Rural connectivity
Private LandsPrivate Lands of SC/ST/IAY/Land Reform
beneficiaries/BPL farmers Small & marginal farmers
account for 80% of land- holdings & operate 40% of cultivated land
Land Development Irrigation facilities Horticulture Plantation
National Overview (FY 2006-07)
200 Districts(FY 2007-08)
330 Districts(FY 2008-09)
615 Districts(FY 2009-10)
619 Districts(FY 2010-11) 625 Districts upto
Sep 2010
Households Employment provided : 2.10 Crore 3.39 Crore 4.51 Crore 5.25 Crore 3.52PERSONDAYS [in Crore]Total: 90.5 143.59 216.32 282.58 115.03
SCs: 22.95 [25%] 39.36 [27%] 63.36 [29%] 86.31 [31%] 26.15 [23%]STs: 32.98 [36%] 42.07 [29%] 55.02 [25%] 58.57 [21%] 19.51 [17%]Women: 36.79 [41%] 61.15 [43%] 103.57 [48%] 137.40 [49%] 59.61 [52%]Others: 34.56 [38%] 62.16 [43%] 97.95 [45%] 137.69 [49%] 69.38 [60%]
Average personday per household 43 Days 42 Days 48 Days 54 Days 33 DaysFINANCIAL DETAILBudget Outlay (In Rs Crore): 11300 12000 30000 39100 40100Central Release (In Rs Crore): 8640.85 12610.39 29939.60 33506.61 22488.16Total available fund with States [including OB]: In Rs. Crore.
12073.55 19305.81 37397.06 49529.99 36126.07
Expenditure (In Rs. Crore.) 8823.35 15856.89 27250.10 37938.16 15133.48Average wage per day Rs. 65 Rs. 75 Rs. 84 Rs. 91 Rs. 96Average cost per day Rs. 97 Rs. 110 Rs. 126 Rs. 134 Rs. 132WORKS DETAIL Total works taken up (In Lakhs): 8.35 17.88 27.75 46.01 63.45Works completed: 3.87 8.22 12.14 20.94 1.46
Water conservation: 4.51 [54%] 8.73 [49 %] 12.79 [46%] 23.33 [51%] 32.23 [51%]Provision of Irrigation facility to land owned by SC/ST/ BPL/ S & MF and IAY benificiaries:
0.81 [10%] 2.63 [15 %] 5.67 [20%] 7.77 [17%] 7.17 [11%]
Rural Connectivity: 1.80 [21%] 3.08 [17 %] 5.03 [18%] 7.63 [17%] 13.50 [21%]Land Development: 0.89 [11%] 2.88 [16%] 3.98 [15%] 6.29 [14%] 7.93 [13%]Bharat Nirman Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendra - - - - 0.17 [0.27%]Any other activity: 0.34 [4%] 0.56 [3%] 0.28 [1%] 0.98 [2%] 2.44 [4%]
9
1%
8%
6%
9%
16%
13%
3%
16%
27%
Flood Control and Protection
Water Conservation and WaterHarvesting
Provision of Irrigation facility toLand Owned by SC/ST/BPL/ IAYBeneficiariesRural Connectivity
Land Development
Others
Drought Proofing (Afforestation& Plantation)
Micro Irrigation Works
Renovation of Traditional Waterbodies
Highest Priority to Water Conservation in Choice of Works under NREGA: Financial
Year 2010-11 upto sep, 10
NATIONAL Share of works on private lands
[provision of irrigation facilities to land owned by SC/SC/IAY/BPL/Small and Marginal Farmer beneficiaries]
0
5
10
15
20
25
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
NREGA: Positive Trends Increase in Agriculture Minimum Wages and wage
earned per day and annual income. Bargaining power of labour has increased
Earnings per HH has increased from Rs 2795 in 2006-’07 to Rs 3150 in 2007-’08 to Rs 4060 in 2008-’09 and about Rs 3500 in the current FY, 5000 in 2009-10
Financial Inclusion: 9.3 crore accounts opened Distress migration has reduced in many parts “Green Jobs” created as 70% works relate to water
conservation, water-harvesting, restoration, renovation and desilting of water bodies, drought-proofing, plantation & afforestation
Productivity effects of NREGA reported - Improvement in ground water - Improved agricultural productivity & cropping
intensity - Livelihood diversification in rural areas.
1212
Inter-sectoral Convergence for creation of Durable and Productive Assets
From mere wage employment to sustainable rural livelihoods
From unskilled to skilled labour through knowledge & technology input, training & capacity building in productivity increases, water-use efficiency, backward–forward linkages
Significant productivity increases could be stimulated by NREGA on holdings of small and marginal farmers in rainfed areas
1414
Parameters for Convergence
A process that brings together on-going schemes Guidelines are a broad facilitating framework
Parameters of NREG Act and Guidelines as well as the guidelines of the other development Schemes with which convergence is attempted are not altered.
Convergence is expected to create value addition through resource and activity synergies as well as infusion of technology input and professional quality in planning and implementation
Joint monitoring of Convergence Convergence at planning, management and works
level 14
15
Joint Guidelines on convergence of MGNREGS with specific programmes &
schemes
Ministry of Agriculture -- Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Ministry of Environment and Forest Ministry of Water Resources Department of Land Resources Pradhan mantri Gram Sadak Yojana – Rural
Roads SGSY (Department of Rural Development) Ministry of Agriculture
Convergence Guidelines with Schemes of Ministry of Tribal Affairs and watershed under progress
Pilots Projects on convergence in selected districts taken up like action research identifying further possibilities and up-scaling.
Funding will be through MGNREGA and concerned programmes
NREGA works catalyse agricultural development through:
• Additional land under irrigation/cultivation
• Improved soil fertility and moisture conservation
• Convergence with NHM, RKVY, NFSM, Fisheries etc
• Growth in consumption of agricultural inputs through increased household earnings
So huge potential exists for NREGA convergence with agriculture and allied programmes such as;
• National Horticulture Mission
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
• National Food Security Mission
• Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Development
• National Agriculture Innovation Project
• Intensive Dairy Development Programme
MGNREGS and Schemes of Ministry of Agriculture
16
MGNREG Convergence with RKVY
• Developing of rain fed farming systems in and outside watershed areas, as also integrated development of watershed areas, wastelands, river valleys
•Activities relating to enhancement of horticulture production and popularization of micro irrigation systems;•Collection and processing of neem seeds as part of Integrated Pest Management
• Promote Organic farming through extensive composting and recycling of solid waste
• Seed production, packing and processing in common and community lands
• Common post harvest facilities for threshing, storage and labour intensive processing
17
MGNREGS with National Food Security Mission
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)The objective of the Mission
• Increase production of rice, wheat and pulses through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts
• Restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level
• Creation of employment opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy ( i.e. farm profits) to restore confidence amongst the farmers.
Value addition to NREGS work through NFSM
Individual land holding cultivators benefiting under NREGS should be included under NFSM on priority, for value addition through sharing of information: Critical role of ATMA 18
MGNREGS and Scheme on Development of Inland fisheries and aquaculture
Activities under Fisheries schemes
i) Construction of new pondsii) Reclamation/Renovation of ponds/tanksiii) Fish Seed Hatcheryiv) Aerators/Pumpsv) Training of fish farmersvi) Provision of soil and water testing kits to each FFDA
Activities that may be undertaken under NREGSI and ii
20
Convergence with Programmes of Ministry of Forest and Environment and MGNREGS
for Eco restoration
Root stock regeneration, new plantation and Silvipasture
Fencing Land Development to rehabilitate degraded
forest Forest fair weather Roads Water Conservation National Afforestation Programme Implementation agencies: Joint Forest
Management Committees
21
Convergence of Programmes of Ministry of Water Resources
For Effective Water conservation and efficient Water use Artificial Recharge of Ground Water through Dug
well Repair, Renovation and Restoration of water bodies
directly linked to Agriculture/ Aquaculture Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme Flood Management Programme Farmer’s Participation Action Research Programme Command Area Development & Water Management
Programme Value Addition: The work of Canal plantation and
Canal fair weather road may be carried out under NREGA as value addition.
21
Convergence with Watershed ProgrammesGuidelines Issued
Project of a village to be prepared on Watershed approach
Delineation of Watershed as per Common guidelines for Watershed
Under NREGA, the size can be an area of the village matching micro watershed i.e. nearly 250 to 500 hectares.
Gap Filling through NREGAa) Areas treated under Watershed Development
programme but not saturated because of insufficient cost norms.
b) Difficult areas, being treated under the watershed Development programme, where the revised cost norms is also not sufficient to saturate the area.
c) New areas; neither yet treated nor planned under watershed programme and where works are to be planned on watershed approach under NREGA.
22
Triggering Green Revolution in Rainfed Areas
Green Revolution bypassed the rainfed areas. Agriculture Development Programmes and MGNREGS converged have potential to become a life-support system in the rainfed areas
Most MGNREGA works contribute directly or indirectly to agricultural development
Convergence of MGNREGA with agriculture and allied sectors is possible across the value chain;
o Pre-production - Soil and water conservation projects form bulk of MGNREGA works
o Production phase – Weed control in common lands, community nurseries for planting material
o Post harvest – Common threshing floors, village roads for connectivity to markets, composting post harvest waste
Convergence of MGNREGS with Schemes of Ministry of Agriculture can improve soil health & water conservation
23
24
Non -Negotiables in work execution:
Only Job Card holders to be employed for NREGA component.
Muster rolls to be maintained on work site, with copies in the gram panchayat and to be electronically maintained on nrega.nic.in
Social Audits to be done through gramsabhas.
Wage payments will be through no frills accounts in banks/post office
Working models, convergence
Working Model: Orissa, Mayurbhanj, GanjamConvergence: Model I
Horticulture & Plantation
Horticulture & Plantation
Community Tank under NREGSFishery through SHGs
Community Tank under NREGSFishery through SHGs
Irrigation & Water Conservation
Irrigation & Water Conservation
Convergence: Model II
Watershed Development under NREGSFishery through the SHGs
Watershed Development under NREGSFishery through the SHGs
Irrigation Irrigation Animal HusbandryAnimal Husbandry
Social Forestry
Social Forestry
Plantation &Horticulture
Plantation &Horticulture
Soil and Water ConservationSoil and Water Conservation
Convergence: Model III
Rural Connectivity under NREGS
Rural Connectivity under NREGS
PlantationPlantationWater ConservationWater Conservation
Conversion into Pucca Road through PMGSY
Conversion into Pucca Road through PMGSY
Selected Villages in Mayurbhanj District
Identified Villages/GPs for MGNREGS Convergence in Mayurbhanj District and Activities undertaken
S.N. Name of BlockName of Gram Panchayts(GPs) Village Major Activities Departments involved
1Morada
Sureidihi Chakundapada
(i) Farm Pond-Horticulture-Pisciculture-Poultry-irrigation(ii) Community Tank-Pisciculture-Horticulture-Irrigation
(i) Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture
(ii) Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture, SGSY
Bhaliadiha KalarafuliaFarm Pond-Horticulture-Pisciculture-Poultry-irrigation Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture
2 Bangiriposi Surisapal KanchindaFarm Pond-Horticulture-Pisciculture-irrigation Horticulture, Fishery, Agriculture
Budhikhamari BudhikhamariCommunity Tank-Fishery-Horticulture
Fishery, Horticulture, Veterinary
3 Samakhunta Paikabasa Harischandrapur
(i) Farm Pond-Horticulture-Pisciculture-Poultry-irrigation(ii) Community Tank-Pisciculture-Horticulture-Irrigation
(i) Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture
(ii) Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture
Rangamatia Kundalbani Farm Pond-Pisciculture-irrigationFishery, Agriculture
4 Kuliana Baiganabadia BalipalFarm Pond-Horticulture-Pisciculture-Poultry-irrigation
Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture, SGSY
Nodhana NodhanaFarm Pond-Horticulture-Pisciculture-Poultry-irrigation
Horticulture, Fishery, KVK, Agriculture, SGSY
Selected Villages in Ganjam DistrictsIdentified Villages/GPs for MGNREGS Convergence in Ganjam District and Activities undertaken
S.No.
Name of Block Name of Gram Panchayts (GPs)
Village Major Activities Departments involved
1
Hinjlicut
Saru Saru Tank-Pisciculture- Plantation-Irrigation Fisheries, Irrigation, Horticulture, KVK
Darubhadra Darubhadra Tank-Pisciculture- Plantation-Irrigation Fisheries, Irrigation, Horticulture, KVK
2
Rangeilunda
Biswanathpur Biswanathpur Tank-Irrigation-Plantation-Rural connectivity
Horticulture, Irrigation, Fishery, Agriculture-KVK
Chikrada Chikrada Tank-Plantation-Piscicultur-/Horticulture
Fisheries, Horticulture, Irrigation, Agriculture-KVK
3
Sheragada
Sheragada Ramagiri Tank-Plantation Fisheries, Horticulture, Agriculture-KVK
Karadakana Karadakana Tank-Poultry farm-Rural connectivity-Plantation
Fisheries, Horticulture, Agriculture-KVK
4
Sana-Khemundi
T. Govindpur Khaprabar Rural connectivity-Tank-Watershed Development- Forestry-Plantation
Horticulture, PMGSY, Fisheries, Forest, Water Resources, Agriculture-KVK,
Singipur Harina Rural Connectivity- Tank-Plantation-Watershed Development-Horticulture-Forestry
Horticulture, PMGSY, Fisheries, Forest, Water Resources, Agriculture-KVK
Major Findings: Perceptions of Line Department Officials
Difficulties Faced by the Line Departments
FISH. DEPT FOREST DEPT MI DEPT PR DEPT WR DEPT Total
LACK OF COOPERATION FROM PRIs
LACK OF COORDINATION
LACK OF CORDINATION AND INFORMATION
LACK OF PROPER PLANNING
Model Convergence
Khaprabar village under T. Gobindpur Panchayat Tribal Village consisting of 20 households Major Occupation:
Cultivation Forest collection
Convergence Initiative: Fish Pond, Irrigation, Plantation, Horticulture
Model Convergence
Fish Pond
Model Convergence
Paddy Field and Fruit Bearing Trees
Good Practices & InnovationsBanaskanttha District
Infrastructure Development: • Open/close drainage line• Stone pitching in pond (On going)
Livelihood: • Horticulture through waste water
management
35
Banaskantha District @ Vadgam @ village Meetha
36
•Asset/s Created: Horticulture and Seasonal Vegetable Plantation •Immediate Benefits: Employment generation •Asset Durability: Very high•Possible Impact: Livelihood enhancement, Promotion of recycling technology and wasteland development The farmers can easily earn Rs. 4000-6000 per month
Dang District @ Ahawa @ village Shamgatan
• Convergence Activity: Bhagat Udyan • Convergence Dept.: Forest• Asset/s Created: Plantations of Indigenous Medicines • Immediate Benefits: Assured employment for the poor,
assured wages, recycling of resources • Asset Durability: Very high• Possible Impact: Livelihood enhancement, Promotion and
conservation of indigenous medicines and practices
37
Replicable Success Stories/Good PracticesReplicable Success Stories/Good Practices
Plantation in Chaukati Village Plantation at Nakati Hills
A Privately Owned Nursery under NREGA in village Kayethapara
Water Conservation Tank in Srijangram Development Block
Construction of bundh from Champa bridge to Baghmara village with cross drainage
Construction of earthen bundh and palliative measures at eroded portion at Char area
Pineapple Plantation in Mulagaon GP
Plantation of Banana in Alukhanda Village
Kerala, MammalpuramNREGS convergence in Agriculture282 works have been carried out with an
expenditure of 97 lakh rupees. Around 600 hectares of land got benefited
Agriculture works in Monitoring BlocksBlock GP No of Works Area in Ha Expenditure
TirurThalakkad 3 6 48,000
Trippangode 12 25 2,76,000Ponnani Edappal 31 12.5 7,37,000
Thavanur 34 13.18 10,06,000Nilambur Chungathara 5 61 10,75,000
KuttipuramKuttipuram 1 19 2,32,853
Irimbiliyam 36 87 16,78,853
NREGS Convergence with Agricultural Farms
NREGS involvement in Six Agricultural FarmsFocus on production of quality seedsOne Agricultural Farm in the Monitoring GPs In dire situation due to shortage of funds and
labourMost of the land unutilized – production
reducedNREGS in land development activities – freed
technical labour for skilled work In 2008-09, Rs. 2,04,461 were spent, utilising
1570 persondaysGone up to Rs. 11,91,003 in 2009-10 with
8862
NREGS Convergence with KVK KVK in Malappuram participated in NEW Delhi
meeting of 29th April 2009 (convergence with ICAR)
DRDA-KVK meeting to train SGSY beneficiaries, technological demonstrations, skill development
NREGS involvement in KVK farm’s land development
In 2008-09, 717 persondays, 1.5 lakh rupees
In 2009-10, works carried out in three reaches – 2378 persondays, Rs. 2,98,728 of Expenditure
KVK involvement in horticulture Development
NREGS-Forest Department Convergence
758 sq. kms of forest land in Malappuram District Significant Forest areas in Nilambur Blokc Two Forest Divisions Operating from Nilambur Town Vetiver plantation in Vazhikkadavu-Nadukani pass
which located in Highway connecting Kerala with Tamilnadu
A total of 5697 persondays and Rs. 12,41,536 were used for this project under NREGS in 2008-09
in 2009-10 the expenditure gone up to Rs. 15,70,314 Much scope to increase convergence with Forest
Department 220 ST colonies in Nilambur Block Proactive Approach at State Level – Availability of
Guidelines Man-Animal Conflict Implementation of NAP
Plantations & bunding: Kerala
Nursery, Bilaspur Forest Division, Chhattisgarh
Water pond for orchards , Jammu & Kashmir
Dug Well, Madhya Pradesh
Check Dam , Jammu & Kashmir
Conservation and Afforestation of forest area: Water,
Fodder, Water Tank and Nursery Gujarat
After restoration
Water Conservation Tank, Andhra Pradesh
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