GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF SHELTER CONSTRUCTION IN ALLAI
BY SAVE THE CHILDREN-USAArch. Alejandra Loughlin
14-January-2006
Notes: The photographs included in this document has being taken on the field (Banna, Allai) between 7 and 8 of January 2006
STRUCTURE
VERTICAL LOADS•Roof•Snow
OVERLAPPING
HORIZONTAL LOADS•Wind
•Earthquake
BRACINGJOINING WITH TENONS AND MORTICE
WOOD-TO-WOOD METALLIC CONNECTORS/WIRE
STRUCTURE
VERTICAL LOADS HORIZONTAL LOADS
STRUCTUREOVERLAPPING
EARTHQUAKE: HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT
BRACING
A FRAME(triangle):
Rigid shape
BRACING BAD: (NO bracing)
WOODEN JOININGS: TENON AND MORTICEOPTION 1 OPTION 2
WOODEN JOININGS: TENON AND MORTICE
JOINING: RIDGE BEAM-RAFTER-KING POSTBAD
UPGOOD
SUPPLYBAD GOOD
BESIDE: BAD BESIDE: BAD
NO METALLIC CONNECTOR: BAD
JOINING: RIDGE BEAM-RAFTER-KING POSTGOOD BUT NOT ENOUGH:LACK OF METALLIC CONECTORS
GOOD
OPTION A
OPTION B
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMBAD
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMGOOD
TIMBER JOINING: COLUMN-BEAMGOOD
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAM
COMPRESIONand
FLEXION
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMBAD GOOD
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMWood-to-Wood metallic connectors
TIMBER JOINING: BEAM-BEAMBAD GOOD
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMBAD
TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMGOOD
JOINING: 2 PIECES OF 1 RAFTERBAD GOOD
TIMBER JOINING: 2 BEAMS
BAD BETTER BUT NOT ENOUGH THE BEST
JOINING: BEAM AND RAFTERBAD
JOINING: BEAM-RAFTER
ROOF: KNEE WALL AND STRUTBAD
ROOF: KNEE WALL AND STRUTGOOD BUT NOT ENOUGH THE BEST
JOINING: TENON AND MORTICEBAD
CONNECTOR VERY WEAK OVERLAPPING TOO MANY SMALL PEACES
VERY WEAK
UNNECESSARYWIRE
TOO WEAK
BEAMS WITHOUT OVERLAPPINGOR TENON AND MORTICE
WOODEN JOINIGSWINDOWS
provoquer
des
fentes
(fig2).
fig3
KIND OF ROOFSBAD
STONE ON TOP: TOO HEAVY!!!!
WOOD AND MUD WITH STRAW: TOO HEAVY!!!
CEILINGS: PROVIDE INSULATIONGOOD
Ceiling: goodWood: bad
destroy forests
Ceiling: goodPlywood: very good
Cloth: goodDanger: can became wet
Lost of insulation
Straw: very good
BE CAREFULL WITH STOVES AND FIRE : ALL THESE MATERIALS ARE FLAMABLE
WALLSOUTSIDE
WATERPROOFAnd
Avoid wind came in •Plastic Bags•Tarpaulins•CGI•Wood covered with mud•Wooven walls with mud•Stone (with cement mortar or wire mesh)
WALLSBAD
STONE WALL< 90 cm height
CLOTH OUTSIDE
BECOME WET
LOST INSULATION
Wall too big withoutany column
Wall without beam over the stoneWall without cement mortar or wire mesh
WALLSINSIDE
THERMALINSULATION
•Wood•Cloth
METAL WALL
NEAR FIREPLACES
MUD + WOOD
OUTSIDE INSIDE
STONE WALLSBAD
•VERY HIGH•WITHOUT MORTAR•WITHOUT WOODEN LINTEL•WITHOUT WIRE MESH•WITHOUT IRON BARS INSIDE•WITHOUT WOODEN BEAM ON TOP
WOVEN WALLBAD
WITHOUT WOODEN LINTEL BAND
LOOSE
STONE WALLSNO ROUND STONES
SHAPE WITH CHIESEL AND HAMMER
CEMENT MORTAR
AT LEAST 1:3
CEMENT SAND
OPPENINGSBAD
•Lintel very short•Stone wall higher than 90 cm without mortar
VERY SHORT
FOUNDATIONSBAD
SECTION REDUCED
LACK OF SOIL COMPACTION
HOLES
LOCATIONBAD
CLOSE TO A TREETHE TREE CAN FELL DOWN
OVER THE HOUSE
ROOTS OF THE TREE
THE COLUMN CAN’T BE DEEP ENOUGH