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Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince
William Sound, Alaska
National Marine Fisheries ServiceAuke Bay Fisheries LaboratoryAuke Bay, Alaska USA
J W Short, S D Rice1
K R Springman2
C A Sloan3
C W Khan, P V Hodson4
1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA2 U California Davis3 Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA4 Queen’s University, Canada
How do we measure oil exposure?
Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) biomarker
• One of a family of enzymes involved in metabolism and detoxification
• Induced by recent exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PCBs
Cyp 1A Induction and Long-Term Effects in EVOS Spillpath Otters and Ducks:
Geographically Associated with Lingering Oil
Temporal Declines Since Early 1990s
Remnant Fuel Tanks at Thumb Bay
Other Potential Sources of CYP1A Inducers in Western PWS
Atmospherically Transported PAH, POP
Regional Geologic Background PAH
Returning Adult Salmon
Salmon Hatcheries
Abandoned Industrial Sites
Marinas & Boat Traffic
Cordova Harbor – Positive Control
Study Objective:
Identify Sources of CYP1A Inducers in Western Prince William Sound
Site Selection: Site Site Selection: Site TypesTypes
Above: Salmon Above: Salmon StreamStream
Top: Hatchery Top: Hatchery Bottom: Human UseBottom: Human Use
SPMD Application: SPMD Application: DeploymentDeployment
One deployment One deployment device = 5 SPMDsdevice = 5 SPMDs
28 d 28 d in situin situ (SOP) (SOP) Placed in the mid- Placed in the mid-
intertidal zoneintertidal zone
SPMD ModificationSPMD ModificationSPMDSPMD DialysisDialysis ConcentrationConcentration Split Split
samplesample
Analysis Analysis
Removal of Removal of hexanehexane
Resuspension in Resuspension in solventsolvent
Injection in Injection in trout frytrout fry
Chemical Analyses:
44 PAH, including alkyl-PAH
62 Chlorinated POPs
Sampling Design
Regional Background PAH, POP - 30 Randomly-Placed SPMDs
Exxon Valdez Sites – 9 SPMDS on 5 Beaches
Salmon Streams – 10 SPMDs, Spring and Fall
Salmon Hatcheries – 5 SPMDs
Abandoned Industrial Sites – 5 SPMDs
Two Marinas – 1 SPMD Each (Positive Controls)
POP Results
Highest ΣPCB < 200 ng/SPMD(Median = 12 ng/SPMD; N =
76)Other POPs Near MDLs
POPs, EROD Uncorrelated
PWS 2004: Sampling Sites
Cordova
Valdez
Whittier
EVO control (5)EVO hot (5)
Background (30)
Salmon stream (5)
Human Activity (5)
Positive control (2)
Hatchery (5)
Diesel spill (1)
EVO Sites Cordova Harbor
PA
H (n
g/S
PM
D)
103
104
105
106
ER
OD
Act
ivity
(pm
ol/m
g/m
in)
0
20
40
60
80
100TPAH Chrysenes EROD
N = 9
PWS 2004: Random Sites
Cordova
Valdez
Whittier
Background (30)
Positive control (2)
Random Sites Cordova Harbor
PAH
(ng/
SPM
D)
103
104
105
106
ERO
D A
ctiv
ity (p
mol
/mg/
min
)
0
20
40
60
80
100TPAH Chrysenes EROD
N = 10
PWS 2004: Salmon Stream Sites
Cordova
Valdez
Whittier
Salmon stream (5)
Positive control (2)
Diesel spill (1)
Salmon Streams Cordova Harbor
PA
H (
ng
/SP
MD
)
103
104
105
106
ER
OD
Ac
tivi
ty (
pm
ol/m
g/m
in)
0
20
40
60
80
100TPAH Chrysenes EROD
*
*(Diesel Spill)
N = 20
PWS 2004: Hatchery Sites
Cordova
Valdez
Whittier
Positive control (2)
Hatchery (5)
Diesel spill (1)
Hatcheries Cordova Harbor
PAH
(ng/
SPM
D)
103
104
105
106
ERO
D A
ctiv
ity (p
mol
/mg/
min
)
0
20
40
60
80
100TPAH Chrysenes EROD
AFK *
AFK *
AFK *
N = 5
PWS 2004: Abandoned Human Activity Sites
Cordova
Valdez
Whittier
Human Activity (5)
Positive control (2)
Diesel spill (1)
Abandoned Sites Cordova Harbor
PAH
(ng/
SPM
D)
103
104
105
106
ERO
D Ac
tivity
(pm
ol/m
g/m
in)
0
20
40
60
80
100TPAH Chrysenes EROD
* McClure
*
*
N = 5
McClure Bay Oiled Pit
Monterey Oil
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Year
Am
ou
nt R
em
ain
ing
(m
^3)
2001 ABL
Oil on PWS Beaches: 1992 – 2001
~25% per YearLoss Rate
Conclusions
Exxon Valdez Oil Remains a Potent CYP1A Inducer
Most Human Activity Sites Are Not
Areawide Sources Are Clearly Not
Remaining EVO May Persist for Decades
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