Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound,...

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Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska NationalM arine Fisheries Service Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory Auke Bay,Alaska U SA J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan 3 C W Khan, P V Hodson 4 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA 2 U California Davis 3 Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA

Transcript of Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound,...

Page 1: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince

William Sound, Alaska

National Marine Fisheries ServiceAuke Bay Fisheries LaboratoryAuke Bay, Alaska USA

J W Short, S D Rice1

K R Springman2

C A Sloan3

C W Khan, P V Hodson4

1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA2 U California Davis3 Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA4 Queen’s University, Canada

Page 2: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

How do we measure oil exposure?

Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) biomarker

• One of a family of enzymes involved in metabolism and detoxification

• Induced by recent exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PCBs

Page 3: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Cyp 1A Induction and Long-Term Effects in EVOS Spillpath Otters and Ducks:

Geographically Associated with Lingering Oil

Temporal Declines Since Early 1990s

Page 4: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.
Page 5: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Remnant Fuel Tanks at Thumb Bay

Page 6: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Other Potential Sources of CYP1A Inducers in Western PWS

Atmospherically Transported PAH, POP

Regional Geologic Background PAH

Returning Adult Salmon

Salmon Hatcheries

Abandoned Industrial Sites

Marinas & Boat Traffic

Page 7: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Cordova Harbor – Positive Control

Page 8: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Study Objective:

Identify Sources of CYP1A Inducers in Western Prince William Sound

Page 9: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Site Selection: Site Site Selection: Site TypesTypes

Above: Salmon Above: Salmon StreamStream

Top: Hatchery Top: Hatchery Bottom: Human UseBottom: Human Use

Page 10: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

SPMD Application: SPMD Application: DeploymentDeployment

One deployment One deployment device = 5 SPMDsdevice = 5 SPMDs

28 d 28 d in situin situ (SOP) (SOP) Placed in the mid- Placed in the mid-

intertidal zoneintertidal zone

Page 11: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

SPMD ModificationSPMD ModificationSPMDSPMD DialysisDialysis ConcentrationConcentration Split Split

samplesample

Analysis Analysis

Removal of Removal of hexanehexane

Resuspension in Resuspension in solventsolvent

Injection in Injection in trout frytrout fry

Page 12: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Chemical Analyses:

44 PAH, including alkyl-PAH

62 Chlorinated POPs

Page 13: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Sampling Design

Regional Background PAH, POP - 30 Randomly-Placed SPMDs

Exxon Valdez Sites – 9 SPMDS on 5 Beaches

Salmon Streams – 10 SPMDs, Spring and Fall

Salmon Hatcheries – 5 SPMDs

Abandoned Industrial Sites – 5 SPMDs

Two Marinas – 1 SPMD Each (Positive Controls)

Page 14: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

POP Results

Highest ΣPCB < 200 ng/SPMD(Median = 12 ng/SPMD; N =

76)Other POPs Near MDLs

POPs, EROD Uncorrelated

Page 15: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

PWS 2004: Sampling Sites

Cordova

Valdez

Whittier

EVO control (5)EVO hot (5)

Background (30)

Salmon stream (5)

Human Activity (5)

Positive control (2)

Hatchery (5)

Diesel spill (1)

Page 16: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

EVO Sites Cordova Harbor

PA

H (n

g/S

PM

D)

103

104

105

106

ER

OD

Act

ivity

(pm

ol/m

g/m

in)

0

20

40

60

80

100TPAH Chrysenes EROD

N = 9

Page 17: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

PWS 2004: Random Sites

Cordova

Valdez

Whittier

Background (30)

Positive control (2)

Page 18: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Random Sites Cordova Harbor

PAH

(ng/

SPM

D)

103

104

105

106

ERO

D A

ctiv

ity (p

mol

/mg/

min

)

0

20

40

60

80

100TPAH Chrysenes EROD

N = 10

Page 19: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

PWS 2004: Salmon Stream Sites

Cordova

Valdez

Whittier

Salmon stream (5)

Positive control (2)

Diesel spill (1)

Page 20: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Salmon Streams Cordova Harbor

PA

H (

ng

/SP

MD

)

103

104

105

106

ER

OD

Ac

tivi

ty (

pm

ol/m

g/m

in)

0

20

40

60

80

100TPAH Chrysenes EROD

*

*(Diesel Spill)

N = 20

Page 21: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

PWS 2004: Hatchery Sites

Cordova

Valdez

Whittier

Positive control (2)

Hatchery (5)

Diesel spill (1)

Page 22: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Hatcheries Cordova Harbor

PAH

(ng/

SPM

D)

103

104

105

106

ERO

D A

ctiv

ity (p

mol

/mg/

min

)

0

20

40

60

80

100TPAH Chrysenes EROD

AFK *

AFK *

AFK *

N = 5

Page 23: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

PWS 2004: Abandoned Human Activity Sites

Cordova

Valdez

Whittier

Human Activity (5)

Positive control (2)

Diesel spill (1)

Page 24: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Abandoned Sites Cordova Harbor

PAH

(ng/

SPM

D)

103

104

105

106

ERO

D Ac

tivity

(pm

ol/m

g/m

in)

0

20

40

60

80

100TPAH Chrysenes EROD

* McClure

*

*

N = 5

Page 25: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

McClure Bay Oiled Pit

Monterey Oil

Page 26: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

Am

ou

nt R

em

ain

ing

(m

^3)

2001 ABL

Oil on PWS Beaches: 1992 – 2001

~25% per YearLoss Rate

Page 27: Lingering Exxon Valdez Oil Remains the Dominant Cause of CYP1A Induction in Prince William Sound, Alaska J W Short, S D Rice 1 K R Springman 2 C A Sloan.

Conclusions

Exxon Valdez Oil Remains a Potent CYP1A Inducer

Most Human Activity Sites Are Not

Areawide Sources Are Clearly Not

Remaining EVO May Persist for Decades