Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
LaetitiaDelrez(UniversityofCambridge)onbehalfoftheSPECULOOSteam
EXOPLANETS II – Cambridge – 2 July 2018
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Consortium
UniversityofLiege(Belgium):M.Gillon(PI), E.Jehin,A.Burdanov,E.Ducrot,D.Sebastian (Sept.2018),C.SilvaFernandes,S.Sohy,V.VanGrootel
UniversityofCambridge(UK): D.Queloz,L.Delrez,C.Murray,S.Thompson
MIT(USA): J.deWit
KingAbdulaziz University (Jeddah,Saudi Arabia): Y.Almleaky
UniversityofBern(Switzerland): B.-O.Demory
UniversityofBirmingham(UK): A.Triaud
UniversityofCalifornia SanDiego(USA): A.Burgasser
UniversityofWarwick(UK): J.McCormac
CadiAyyad University(Marrakesh,Morocco): Z.Benkhaldoun,K.Barkaoui
Instituto deAstrofísica deCanarias (Tenerife,Spain): R.Alonso,R.Rebolo
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Ultra-cooldwarfs
• Nature:mixofvery low massstarsandbrown dwarfs
• Spectraltype: later than M6,including L,T,andYdwarfs
• Effectivetemperature:≲ 2700K
• Luminosity:≲ 0.001L¤
• Mass:≲ 0.1M¤
• Radius: ~0.08- 0.13R¤
P. Marenfeld & NOAO/AURA/NSF
NASA/IPAC/R. Hurt (SSC)
M-dwarf L-dwarf T-dwarf
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Why atransitsurvey targeting ultra-cooldwarfs?
1.Significant fractionoftheGalactic population
10-15%ofthepopulationinthesolar neighborhood
RECONS 10 pc sample
ultra-cool dwarfssolar-type
stars
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Why atransitsurvey targeting ultra-cooldwarfs?
2.Nearly uncharted territory
NASA Exoplanet Archive2018-06-29
Ultra-cool dwarfs
MEarthK2NGTSTESSPLATO…
Planetary formationmodels andstatistics predict apopulationoflow-massplanets around UCDs
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Why atransitsurvey targeting ultra-cooldwarfs?
3.TransitsofEarth-sized planets aredeep anddetectable from theground
Transit depth ~ 1%
Transit depth ~ 0.01%
ESO
G2V – 1R¤
M8V – 0.11R¤
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Why atransitsurvey targeting ultra-cooldwarfs?
4.Habitablezoneis very closetothehost
Transitsofpotentially habitableplanets aremorelikely andfrequent
G2V – 1L¤
L2V – 0.0001L¤
a = 0.008 to 0.023 AUP = 1 to 5 d
Prob. transit = 4.5 to 1.6 %a = 0.75 to 1.76 AU
P = 235 to 850 dProb. transit = 0.6 to 0.25 %
HZ limits from Kopparapu+ (2013) – optimistic case
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Why atransitsurvey targeting ultra-cooldwarfs?
5.Atmospheric characterization ofHZEarth-sized planets is possible
JWST
NASA
ESO
E-ELT
de Wit & Seager (2013)
Significance of a spectral feature in transmission
UCDs
Besttargets =nearest andbrightest UCDs
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Targetsample
MaingoalofSPECULOOS:Probewith≥70%efficiencytheirHZfortransitingplanetsofEarth-sizeandbelow
~1200brightest (K-mag≤ 12.5)ultra-cooldwarfs
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
GeneralconceptTargets spreadalloverthesky
Shorttransits(downto15min)
Efficientexplorationofthehabitablezone
Targets’SEDpeaks inthenear/mid-IR
Ability todetect singletransitsonour targets
Targeted survey
Continuous monitoring
Monitoringdurationoptimizedforeach target (10-20nights)
Near-IRoptimized CCDs
1-mclasstelescopes
Two observatories of4× 1-mtelescopes(oneineach hemisphere)
Surveycompleted within ~10years
ASTELCO
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
PrototypeonTRAPPIST-South
• 0.6-mrobotic telescopewith anear-IRoptimized CCDcameraatLaSilla(Chile)
• Targets: ~50brightest southern ultra-cooldwarfs (mean K-mag =9.7)
• Goal: >100hrspertargettoassessphotometricprecisionanddetectionpotential
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
PrototypeonTRAPPIST-SouthTRAPPIST-1(aka SPECULOOS-1)
See talks byB.-O.Demory (Wednesday 09:30)andM.Gillon (Thursday10:00)+posterbyE.Ducrot(PhDstudent Liege)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Aglobalnetworkofrobotic telescopes
SPECULOOS-NorthTeide, Tenerife
SPECULOOS-South Paranal, Chile
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheSPECULOOSSouthern Observatory
• 4× 1-mrobotic telescopes atParanal (Chile)
• Collaboration: Liege /Cambridge/Jeddah
• Funding: ERC/Simons Foundation /MERAC/Jeddah /Cambridge/Liege
VLT+VLTI+VST
VISTA
NGTS
SPECULOOSSOUTHERNOBSERVATORY
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheSPECULOOSSouthern Observatory
3telescopes operational - commissioning ofthe4th oneinthecoming weeks
P. Aniol
P. Aniol
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheSPECULOOSSouthern Observatory
• Opticalsystem(ASTELCO)- 1-mRitchey-ChretienwithF/8focalratio- rawaluminium coating
• EquatorialmountNTM-1000(ASTELCO)- directdrivesystem- speed:upto20°/s- pointingaccuracy:~5’’- trackingaccuracy:~1’’over10min
• Near-IRoptimized CCDcamera(AndoriKon-L)- deeplydepleted2K×2Ke2vchip- FOVandplatescale:12’ ×12’and0.35’’/pix- 5-stagePeltiercooling(-70°C)- QE:peakof94%at740nm- fringesuppression
• 10-slotsfilterwheel(FLI)- Sloan-g’,-r’,-i’,-z’- specialfilters“I+z”and“blue-blocking”
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheSPECULOOSSouthern ObservatoryDetection potential
Synthetic transits of an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone
Detectionsignificance
12-σ 14-σ 17-σ
Detectionlimit (5-σ) 0.68 R
⊕0.65 R
⊕0.57 R
⊕
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheSPECULOOSSouthern ObservatoryPhotometric performance
See also posterbyC.Murray(PhDstudent Cambridge)
Transit of TRAPPIST-1e observed simultaneouslywith 2 telescopes:
Detection significance: 10-σ
Combinedlight curve:
Detection significance: 14-σ
RMS: 770 ppm / 7.2min
RMS: 530 ppm / 7.2min
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheSPECULOOSNorthern Observatory
• 4× 1-mrobotic telescopes atTeide Observatory (Tenerife)
• Collaboration:MIT/Liege /Jeddah /IAC
• Funding: Heising-Simons Foundation /Liege /Jeddah /private sponsors
• Installation:1st telescope inDecember 2018
2of4telescopes funded
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Aglobalnetworkofrobotic telescopes
SPECULOOS-NorthTeide, Tenerife
SPECULOOS-South Paranal, Chile
TRAPPIST-SouthLa Silla, Chile
TRAPPIST-NorthOukaïmeden, Morocco
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
TheTRAPPISTtelescopesSOUTH
0.6-mtelescope atLaSilla(Chile)Collaboration:Liege /GenevaFunding:Belgian F.R.S.-FNRS,Swiss NSF
NORTH
0.6-mtelescope atOukaïmeden (Morocco)Collaboration:Liege /Marrakesh
Funding:Liege
~100brightest targets
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Aglobalnetworkofrobotic telescopes
SPECULOOS-NorthTeide, Tenerife
SPECULOOS-South Paranal, Chile
TRAPPIST-SouthLa Silla, Chile
TRAPPIST-NorthOukaïmeden, Morocco
SAINT-EX San Pedro Mártir, Mexico
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
SAINT-EX
• 1-mrobotic telescope attheNationalAstronomical Observatory ofMexico
• Collaboration: Bern(PI:B.-O.Demory)/Mexico/Cambridge/Geneva
• Installation: August2018
• ~50%timeonSPECULOOS
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Onastro-phtoday
Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
Trappist beers andspeculoos biscuitsBelgian products
Beers brewed within thewalls ofaTrappistmonastery (branch oftheCistercian Order)
Spiced shortcrust biscuittraditionally bakedforStNicholasday (Dec 6)
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