Laetitia Delrez (University of Cambridge) · Searchfor habitable PlanetsEClipsingULtra-cOOlStars...

Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars

LaetitiaDelrez(UniversityofCambridge)onbehalfoftheSPECULOOSteam

EXOPLANETS II – Cambridge – 2 July 2018


Consortium

UniversityofLiege(Belgium):M.Gillon(PI), E.Jehin,A.Burdanov,E.Ducrot,D.Sebastian (Sept.2018),C.SilvaFernandes,S.Sohy,V.VanGrootel

UniversityofCambridge(UK): D.Queloz,L.Delrez,C.Murray,S.Thompson

MIT(USA): J.deWit

KingAbdulaziz University (Jeddah,Saudi Arabia): Y.Almleaky

UniversityofBern(Switzerland): B.-O.Demory

UniversityofBirmingham(UK): A.Triaud

UniversityofCalifornia SanDiego(USA): A.Burgasser

UniversityofWarwick(UK): J.McCormac

CadiAyyad University(Marrakesh,Morocco): Z.Benkhaldoun,K.Barkaoui

Instituto deAstrofísica deCanarias (Tenerife,Spain): R.Alonso,R.Rebolo


Ultra-cooldwarfs

• Nature:mixofvery low massstarsandbrown dwarfs

• Spectraltype: later than M6,including L,T,andYdwarfs

• Effectivetemperature:≲ 2700K

• Luminosity:≲ 0.001L¤

• Mass:≲ 0.1M¤

• Radius: ~0.08- 0.13R¤

P. Marenfeld & NOAO/AURA/NSF

NASA/IPAC/R. Hurt (SSC)

M-dwarf L-dwarf T-dwarf


Why atransitsurvey targeting ultra-cooldwarfs?

1.Significant fractionoftheGalactic population

10-15%ofthepopulationinthesolar neighborhood

RECONS 10 pc sample

ultra-cool dwarfssolar-type

stars



2.Nearly uncharted territory

NASA Exoplanet Archive2018-06-29

Ultra-cool dwarfs

MEarthK2NGTSTESSPLATO…

Planetary formationmodels andstatistics predict apopulationoflow-massplanets around UCDs



3.TransitsofEarth-sized planets aredeep anddetectable from theground

Transit depth ~ 1%

Transit depth ~ 0.01%

ESO

G2V – 1R¤

M8V – 0.11R¤



4.Habitablezoneis very closetothehost

Transitsofpotentially habitableplanets aremorelikely andfrequent

G2V – 1L¤

L2V – 0.0001L¤

a = 0.008 to 0.023 AUP = 1 to 5 d

Prob. transit = 4.5 to 1.6 %a = 0.75 to 1.76 AU

P = 235 to 850 dProb. transit = 0.6 to 0.25 %

HZ limits from Kopparapu+ (2013) – optimistic case



5.Atmospheric characterization ofHZEarth-sized planets is possible

JWST

NASA

ESO

E-ELT

de Wit & Seager (2013)

Significance of a spectral feature in transmission

UCDs

Besttargets =nearest andbrightest UCDs


Targetsample

MaingoalofSPECULOOS:Probewith≥70%efficiencytheirHZfortransitingplanetsofEarth-sizeandbelow

~1200brightest (K-mag≤ 12.5)ultra-cooldwarfs


GeneralconceptTargets spreadalloverthesky

Shorttransits(downto15min)

Efficientexplorationofthehabitablezone

Targets’SEDpeaks inthenear/mid-IR

Ability todetect singletransitsonour targets

Targeted survey

Continuous monitoring

Monitoringdurationoptimizedforeach target (10-20nights)

Near-IRoptimized CCDs

1-mclasstelescopes

Two observatories of4× 1-mtelescopes(oneineach hemisphere)

Surveycompleted within ~10years

ASTELCO


PrototypeonTRAPPIST-South

• 0.6-mrobotic telescopewith anear-IRoptimized CCDcameraatLaSilla(Chile)

• Targets: ~50brightest southern ultra-cooldwarfs (mean K-mag =9.7)

• Goal: >100hrspertargettoassessphotometricprecisionanddetectionpotential


PrototypeonTRAPPIST-SouthTRAPPIST-1(aka SPECULOOS-1)

See talks byB.-O.Demory (Wednesday 09:30)andM.Gillon (Thursday10:00)+posterbyE.Ducrot(PhDstudent Liege)

NASA/JPL-Caltech


Aglobalnetworkofrobotic telescopes

SPECULOOS-NorthTeide, Tenerife

SPECULOOS-South Paranal, Chile


TheSPECULOOSSouthern Observatory

• 4× 1-mrobotic telescopes atParanal (Chile)

• Collaboration: Liege /Cambridge/Jeddah

• Funding: ERC/Simons Foundation /MERAC/Jeddah /Cambridge/Liege

VLT+VLTI+VST

VISTA

NGTS

SPECULOOSSOUTHERNOBSERVATORY



3telescopes operational - commissioning ofthe4th oneinthecoming weeks

P. Aniol

P. Aniol



• Opticalsystem(ASTELCO)- 1-mRitchey-ChretienwithF/8focalratio- rawaluminium coating

• EquatorialmountNTM-1000(ASTELCO)- directdrivesystem- speed:upto20°/s- pointingaccuracy:~5’’- trackingaccuracy:~1’’over10min

• Near-IRoptimized CCDcamera(AndoriKon-L)- deeplydepleted2K×2Ke2vchip- FOVandplatescale:12’ ×12’and0.35’’/pix- 5-stagePeltiercooling(-70°C)- QE:peakof94%at740nm- fringesuppression

• 10-slotsfilterwheel(FLI)- Sloan-g’,-r’,-i’,-z’- specialfilters“I+z”and“blue-blocking”


TheSPECULOOSSouthern ObservatoryDetection potential

Synthetic transits of an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone

Detectionsignificance

12-σ 14-σ 17-σ

Detectionlimit (5-σ) 0.68 R

⊕0.65 R

⊕0.57 R

⊕


TheSPECULOOSSouthern ObservatoryPhotometric performance

See also posterbyC.Murray(PhDstudent Cambridge)

Transit of TRAPPIST-1e observed simultaneouslywith 2 telescopes:

Detection significance: 10-σ

Combinedlight curve:

Detection significance: 14-σ

RMS: 770 ppm / 7.2min

RMS: 530 ppm / 7.2min


TheSPECULOOSNorthern Observatory

• 4× 1-mrobotic telescopes atTeide Observatory (Tenerife)

• Collaboration:MIT/Liege /Jeddah /IAC

• Funding: Heising-Simons Foundation /Liege /Jeddah /private sponsors

• Installation:1st telescope inDecember 2018

2of4telescopes funded





TRAPPIST-SouthLa Silla, Chile

TRAPPIST-NorthOukaïmeden, Morocco


TheTRAPPISTtelescopesSOUTH

0.6-mtelescope atLaSilla(Chile)Collaboration:Liege /GenevaFunding:Belgian F.R.S.-FNRS,Swiss NSF

NORTH

0.6-mtelescope atOukaïmeden (Morocco)Collaboration:Liege /Marrakesh

Funding:Liege

~100brightest targets





TRAPPIST-SouthLa Silla, Chile

TRAPPIST-NorthOukaïmeden, Morocco

SAINT-EX San Pedro Mártir, Mexico


SAINT-EX

• 1-mrobotic telescope attheNationalAstronomical Observatory ofMexico

• Collaboration: Bern(PI:B.-O.Demory)/Mexico/Cambridge/Geneva

• Installation: August2018

• ~50%timeonSPECULOOS


Onastro-phtoday


Trappist beers andspeculoos biscuitsBelgian products

Beers brewed within thewalls ofaTrappistmonastery (branch oftheCistercian Order)

Spiced shortcrust biscuittraditionally bakedforStNicholasday (Dec 6)

Laetitia Delrez (University of Cambridge) · Searchfor habitable PlanetsEClipsingULtra-cOOlStars...

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