Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
‘‘World Source Rock Potential World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’Through Geological Time’
a function ofa function of
Basin Restriction, Nutrient Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & Level , Sedimentation Rate &
Sea-level RiseSea-level Rise
‘‘World Source Rock Potential World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’Through Geological Time’
a function ofa function of
Basin Restriction, Nutrient Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & Level , Sedimentation Rate &
Sea-level RiseSea-level RiseCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALLCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL11, , JEFFREY JEFFREY
CHIARENZELLICHIARENZELLI22, , & HASSAN S. HASSAN& HASSAN S. HASSAN11
1-University of S. Carolina1-University of S. Carolina 2-St. Lawrence University2-St. Lawrence University
CHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALLCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL11, , JEFFREY JEFFREY CHIARENZELLICHIARENZELLI22, ,
& HASSAN S. HASSAN& HASSAN S. HASSAN11
1-University of S. Carolina1-University of S. Carolina 2-St. Lawrence University2-St. Lawrence University
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
• University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina
St. Lawrence UniversitySt. Lawrence University
• University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina
St. Lawrence UniversitySt. Lawrence University
We extend our thanks & We extend our thanks & appreciation to:appreciation to:We extend our thanks & We extend our thanks & appreciation to:appreciation to:
for making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possiblefor making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possible
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Plate
Extension,
Convergence
or Barred
Climate
(Rain Shadow)
Low Sediment
Marine
Transgression
Super
Plume
Nutrient
Restricted Basin
Summary & Summary & OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source Rocks & World's Source Rocks & ReservoirsReservoirs
World's Source Rocks & World's Source Rocks & ReservoirsReservoirs
World wideWorld wide stratigraphic stratigraphic distribution ofdistribution of
major source rocksmajor source rocks
Stratigraphic distribution of the Stratigraphic distribution of the major reservoir rocks world widemajor reservoir rocks world wide
PRECAMBRIAN
Cambrian
OrdovicianSilurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
EraQuaternary
Paleocene
Eocene
OligoceneMiocene
Quaternary10% 20% 30%
Late Tertiary 12.5%
Aptian-Turonian 29%
Upper Jurassic 25%
Penn.-L Permian 8%
U Devonian-L Miss. 8%
Silurian 9%
Cambro-Ordovician 1 %
U Proterozoic 0.2 %
U Cretaceous- L Tertiary 2.8%
M-U Miss. 0.4%
L-M Devonian 0.3 %
M Jurassic to U Permian 1.2 %
L Cretaceous 2.6%
Pliocene
U Proterozoic PRECAMBRIAN
Cambrian
OrdovicianSilurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
EraQuaternary
Paleocene
Eocene
OligoceneMiocene
QuaternaryPliocene
U Proterozoic
10% 20% 30%
(Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990(Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990)
Oil
Gas
22.3%
20.5%
14.2%
10 %
11%
7.6%
PA
LE
OZ
OIC
ME
SO
ZO
ICC
EN
OZ
OIC
PA
LE
OZ
OIC
ME
SO
ZO
ICC
EN
OZ
OIC
Ter
tiar
y
Ter
tiar
y
Period Period
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Basin Restriction & Basin Restriction & AnoxiaAnoxiaBasin Restriction & Basin Restriction & AnoxiaAnoxia
Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Allocthonous Allocthonous AutothonousAutothonous
Preserved in:Preserved in:Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates
Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Allocthonous Allocthonous AutothonousAutothonous
Preserved in:Preserved in:Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates
Devonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 Kty
(Kendall Photo)
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Climate and Source Rock PotentialClimate and Source Rock Potential
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Transgressive Beat To Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Mesozoic &
Tertiary Source RocksTertiary Source Rocks
Transgressive Beat To Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Mesozoic &
Tertiary Source RocksTertiary Source Rocks
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Super-plume Forcing of Organic Super-plume Forcing of Organic productionproduction
Super-plume Forcing of Organic Super-plume Forcing of Organic productionproduction
Very fast Seafloor spreadingVery fast Seafloor spreading
Enhanced organic production of oceans Enhanced organic production of oceans from massive amounts of COfrom massive amounts of CO2 2 from from oceanic lava flowsoceanic lava flows
Produce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & Produce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & super-greenhouse events in Mesozoicsuper-greenhouse events in Mesozoic
Organic matter preserved by anoxia on Organic matter preserved by anoxia on sea floor with accumulation of organic sea floor with accumulation of organic rich sedimentsrich sediments
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat!
Super Plumes & Time (Abbot & Isley 2002)
Phanerozoic!Phanerozoic!
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Break Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern Atlanticrestricted restricted entrances entrances
to seato sea
isolated linear
isolated linear
belt of interior
belt of interior
drainage
drainage regional regional
drainage drainage
away away
from marginfrom margin
arid tropics air system arid tropics air system
wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed source, seal & reservoirjuxtaposed source, seal & reservoir
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Examples of Organic rich Examples of Organic rich rocks at rocks at Break Up MarginsBreak Up Margins
Examples of Organic rich Examples of Organic rich rocks at rocks at Break Up MarginsBreak Up Margins
Mesozoic of Northern Gulf of MexicoMesozoic of Northern Gulf of Mexico
Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic marginsmargins
Mesozoic of Yemen rift beltMesozoic of Yemen rift belt
Mesozoic & Tertiary of EritreaMesozoic & Tertiary of Eritrea
East African RiftEast African Rift
Dead SeaDead Sea
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Collision Margin Restricted Collision Margin Restricted BasinBasin
Collision Margin Restricted Collision Margin Restricted BasinBasin
restricted restricted entrance entrance
to seato sea
isolated linearisolated linearbelt of interiorbelt of interior
drainagedrainage
regional regional
drainage drainage
into basininto basin
arid tropics air system arid tropics air system
wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Examples of Organic Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision rich rocks at Collision MarginsMargins
Examples of Organic Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision rich rocks at Collision MarginsMarginsCurrent Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic to Tertiary to Tertiary Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York State State Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of Zechstein Basin Permian of Zechstein Basin Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaMesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaTertiary of Mediterranean Tertiary of Mediterranean Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Restricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin Settings
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Example of Barred BasinExample of Barred Basin Mesozoic - Arabian GulfMesozoic - Arabian Gulf
Upper Jurassic Upper Jurassic
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Kuwait, IranKuwait, Iran
& UAE& UAE
restricted restricted entrance entrance
to seato seastructural & structural &
depositionaldepositional
barrier overbarrier over
Hercynian Hercynian horst blockshorst blocks
arid tropical air system arid tropical air system
wide shadow from adjacent continentswide shadow from adjacent continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Paleozoic
Paleozoic
Paleozoic
PaleozoicJurassic
Jurassic
Jurassic
Jurassic {{Cretaceous
Cretaceous
Cretaceous
Cretaceous {{
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Location Location of Oil & of Oil &
Gas Gas Fields of Fields of Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf --
ReservoirReservoirss
areareYoungerYoungerto Eastto East
Location Location of Oil & of Oil &
Gas Gas Fields of Fields of Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf --
ReservoirReservoirss
areareYoungerYoungerto Eastto East
Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs
Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Restricted Restricted Basins Basins
Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriersOrganic Organic Rich FillRich Fill Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf JurassicJurassic
Restricted Restricted Basins Basins
Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriersOrganic Organic Rich FillRich Fill Arabian Arabian
Gulf Gulf JurassicJurassic
After Fox & Albrandt,2002
Gotnia Basin
Gotnia Basin
Arabian Basin
Arabian Basin
Sout
h Ara
bian
Bas
in
Sout
h Ara
bian
Bas
in
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
North African Source North African Source RocksRocksNorth African Source North African Source RocksRocks
Regional Upper Cretaceous Regional Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Petroleum Source in (Senonian) Petroleum Source in argillaceous limestones of North argillaceous limestones of North AfricaAfrica
Lower Paleozoic of North Africa Lower Paleozoic of North Africa proven and prolific playsproven and prolific plays
eg: Tanezzuft Shale of Libya
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Two major source rocks distribution around MediterraneanTwo major source rocks distribution around Mediterranean
Modified from varies sources
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian play of North Africa “is still Precambrian play of North Africa “is still immature & deserves more immature & deserves more investigation” investigation” quote from Jonathon Craig - ENIquote from Jonathon Craig - ENI
Large autochthonous accumulations of Large autochthonous accumulations of organic matter rare in Precambrian rocksorganic matter rare in Precambrian rocksOccurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary Occurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks as coal-like material rocks as coal-like material Derived from Precambrian oil?Derived from Precambrian oil?Potential matches younger oil plays?Potential matches younger oil plays?
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World Neoproterozoic World Neoproterozoic Petroleum SystemsPetroleum Systems
World Neoproterozoic World Neoproterozoic Petroleum SystemsPetroleum Systems
Proven
South Punjab (Bikner-Nagaur)Basin, Pakistan - India
South OmanSalt Basin
Taoudenni BasinMauritania,
Mali, Algeria
Sirte, CyrenaicaBasin, Libya
Murzuq BasinSW Libya
Ahnet BasinAlgeria
Tindouf BasinMorocco, Algeria
Potential
PotwarBasin
Kufra BasinSW Libya
ArgentinaBolivia,
& Paraguay
USA NonesuchMichigan
Amadeus, Officer& McArthur Basin
VolgaUral Province Lena-Tunguske
Province, Siberia
After Jonathon Craig - ENI
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World Record Holder Karelian World Record Holder Karelian ShungitesShungites
World Record Holder Karelian World Record Holder Karelian ShungitesShungites
Paleoproterozoic ~ 2.0 Ga, NW RussiaPaleoproterozoic ~ 2.0 Ga, NW Russia
600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya 600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya FormationFormation
CCorgorg up to 98%; averages 25% over up to 98%; averages 25% over 9000 km9000 km2 2 along narrow rifted margin along narrow rifted margin
Include coal-like seams of layered Include coal-like seams of layered shungite , cross-cutting diapirs & veins shungite , cross-cutting diapirs & veins of remobilized liquid petroleumof remobilized liquid petroleum
Interlayered with mafic volcanicsInterlayered with mafic volcanics
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
V.A. Melezhik et al. 1999
Karelian ShungitesKarelian Shungites
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time
Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksContain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in:autothonous organic carbon preserved in:
Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates
Have irregular temporal beat driven byHave irregular temporal beat driven byClimatic responseClimatic response– Rain shadowRain shadow– East coast/west coast ocean circulationEast coast/west coast ocean circulation– MonsoonsMonsoons
World wide transgressions & restricted basins World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumesSporadic super-plumesBasin restriction Basin restriction – Continental plate configurationContinental plate configuration
Initial extension Initial extension Final collisionFinal collision
– Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers
Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan marginTethyan margin
Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in:autothonous organic carbon preserved in:
Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates
Have irregular temporal beat driven byHave irregular temporal beat driven byClimatic responseClimatic response– Rain shadowRain shadow– East coast/west coast ocean circulationEast coast/west coast ocean circulation– MonsoonsMonsoons
World wide transgressions & restricted basins World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumesSporadic super-plumesBasin restriction Basin restriction – Continental plate configurationContinental plate configuration
Initial extension Initial extension Final collisionFinal collision
– Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers
Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan marginTethyan margin
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksPrincipal Oil Provinces matching this Principal Oil Provinces matching this
paradigmparadigm
Mesozoic lee shore of PangeaMesozoic lee shore of PangeaEastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields Eastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields
Southern Mediterranean margin Southern Mediterranean margin
Early Silurian section of northern Early Silurian section of northern Gondwanaland (ice cap melt, & Gondwanaland (ice cap melt, & transgression) transgression)
Tanezzuft Shale of LibyaTanezzuft Shale of Libya
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksPrecambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Precambrian Shunga Event ~2.0 GaPrecambrian Shunga Event ~2.0 Ga
Rich in organic carbonRich in organic carbon
Plume caused magmatism &/or volcanismPlume caused magmatism &/or volcanism
Inter-layered volcanic rocksInter-layered volcanic rocks
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
ConclusionsConclusions
Now for a Now for a few barrels few barrels
of oil!of oil!
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!
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