INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The Oxygen Transport The Oxygen Transport SystemSystem
I. Pulmonary VentilationMovement of Air in & out of the Lungs
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A. Minute Ventilation .. V V
The amount of Air ventilated The amount of Air ventilated by the lungs in one Minuteby the lungs in one Minute
.. V VEE
Volume Expired in One MinuteVolume Expired in One Minute
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Tidal Volume (TV)Tidal Volume (TV)The volume of Air ventilated per The volume of Air ventilated per
BreathBreath
Frequency (f)Frequency (f)The Number of Breaths/minuteThe Number of Breaths/minute
VVE E = TV x f= TV x f
MMinute ventilation =TV x finute ventilation =TV x f5
Ventilation during ExerciseVentilation during Exercise
ANT RISE
Rapid Rise
Slower Rise
levelingRapid
Decrease
Slower Decrease
0
5
10
15
20
25
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ANT RISE ExhaustionREST
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Ventilation as a Limit to Ventilation as a Limit to PerformancePerformance
•Performance is not limited by ventilation
•Ventilation will INCREASE out of proportion to workload so that
Ventilation becomes greater than Necessary-HYPERVENTILATIONHYPERVENTILATION -
•excessive movement of air in & out caused by increased depth and frequency of breathing and resulting in elimination of CO2
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II. Alveolar Ventilation
AIR (O2) into lungs Alveoli Alveoli blood Tiny air sacs deep in lung which have contact with the Pulmonary Capillaries to exchange gases
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II. Alveolar Ventilation
those areas of the body that air enters but
does not go into the alveoli - hence - NO GAS EXCHANGENO GAS EXCHANGE
DEAD SPACE
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Ventilation and Smoking
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• Shortness of Breath• Increased Airway Resistance
– Respiratory Muscles work Harder to ventilate
- thus, these muscles require MORE Oxygen
Results in LESS Oxygen for Skeletal Muscles
• Pulmonary Ventilation
• Endurance
Ventilation and Smoking
• MAXIMUM Oxygen Consumption
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VOVO22max = the max max = the max rate rate at which O at which O2 2 can be can be
consumed per minuteconsumed per minute
• Sudden transition of feeling distress or fatigue early in prolonged exercise to a more comfortable feeling later in exercise
• Possible Causes include:– slow ventilatory adjustments brought on
by the breathlessness felt early’– Removal of lactic acid built early from
delayed blood flow changes– Relief from muscle fatigue– Adequate Warm-up– Psychological factors
Second Wind
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• Occurs early in prolonged exercise and subsides as exercise continues
• Sharp Pain or “Stitch “ in side or rib cage area
• May interfer w/ exercise- must stop
• Possible Causes include:– HYPOXIA or lack of O2 in Resp
Muscles– occurs more in Untrained athletes
Stitch in Side
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II. GAS EXCHANGEGAS EXCHANGE
•TWO TYPESTWO TYPES–Alveolar Capillary Membrane–Tissue Capillary Membrane
Exchange of Oxygen & Carbon Exchange of Oxygen & Carbon DioxideDioxide
between the Air and Bloodbetween the Air and Blood
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Alveolar Capillary MembraneAlveolar Capillary Membrane
Thin layer of tissue that separates air in Aleoli Thin layer of tissue that separates air in Aleoli from blood in Capillariesfrom blood in Capillaries
1st EXCHANGE of O1st EXCHANGE of O22 and CO and CO22
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Capillary with RBC
Tissue Capillary MembraneTissue Capillary Membrane
Thin capillary membrane between blood and Thin capillary membrane between blood and tissues in bodytissues in body
2nd EXCHANGE of O2nd EXCHANGE of O22 and CO and CO22
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GAS EXCHANGE by GAS EXCHANGE by DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION
Movement of gases from higher concentrations to lower
concentrationsDiffusion GradientDiffusion Gradient=pp of gas in highest conc. Minus Minus
the pp of gas in venous blood
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Partial PressurePartial PressureThe pressure exerted by gas in relation to the %
or concentration of the gas within a volume
At sea Level- alveolar pO2 =100mmHbg = 100% sat Hbg
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Diffusion Gradients dependent on Diffusion Gradients dependent on Partial pressures (p) of gas in 2 Partial pressures (p) of gas in 2
different areasdifferent areas
AlveolipO2 HIGH
BloodpO2 LOW
AlveolipCO2 LOW
BloodpCO2 HIGH
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Diffusion Capacity in Diffusion Capacity in AthletesAthletes
• Alveolar- Capillary diffusion is greater during max exercise in (endurance) athletes than Nonathletes
• see Table 8.5
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NEW SECTION
Transport of Gases by the Blood
O2 and CO2 are carried in the blood by:
1.Chemical Combination-OOXYHEMOGLOBINXYHEMOGLOBIN
Hb + O2 = HbO2
2. Dissolved in Plasma 22
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
Fig. 8.8- Relationship between Amt of HbO2 and Partial Pressure of O2
Hb O2 Saturation Increases as Partial Pressure of O2 Increases
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Smoking and Oxyhemoglobin
Comparison of the oxygen dissociation curves of normal blood, blood containing 20%, 40% and 60%
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and blood from a severely anemic patient. 25
BLOOD DOPING BLOOD DOPING or Blood Boostingor Blood Boosting
• The removal and then- reinfusion of blood
• Done to temporarily increase blood volume
• Overloading would then increase O2 and
theoretically lead to INCREASED Endurance
• see Fig. 8.7- ability to run 5 miles faster26
Transport of CO2Carbon Dioxide
Transport
H2 CO2 CO2 + H2O
H2 CO2 H+ + H-CO3
CA
Carbonic Acid
Bicarbonate ion
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Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three major forms:
1. dissolved (a little) 2. as bicarbonate and H+ (a lot)
3. attached to hemoglobin as a carbamino compound.
Loading of CO2 from tissue to blood and associated O2 release from blood to tissue. 28
Anatomy of the HeartAnatomy of the Heart
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BLooD FloW through the BLooD FloW through the HeaRtHeaRt
Establishment of the four-chambered heart, along with the Establishment of the four-chambered heart, along with the pulmonary and systemic circuits, completely separates pulmonary and systemic circuits, completely separates
oxygenated from deoxygenated blood. Fig8.9, p. 201 oxygenated from deoxygenated blood. Fig8.9, p. 201 3030
Valves direct Blood FlowValves direct Blood Flow
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Blood Flow to the BodyBlood Flow to the Body
Blood Flow to the BodyBlood Flow to the Body
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Blood Vessels and Flow Blood Vessels and Flow ChangesChanges
35A
The Heart MUSCLEThe Heart MUSCLE Myocardium
Intercalated DiscsIntercalated Discsconnect the individual
fibers of muscle to
act as ONE BIG FIBER:
Functional SyncytiumFunctional SyncytiumWhen one fiber contracts- all fibers When one fiber contracts- all fibers
contractcontract
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Conduction System Conduction System SA SA nodenode
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SASAnodenode
PACEMAKERPACEMAKER
Conduction System Conduction System AV NAV Nodeode
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AV nodeAV node
Bundle of HisBundle of His PURKINJI PURKINJI FIBERSFIBERS
Electrical System in ReviewElectrical System in Review
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Blood Supply to the HeartBlood Supply to the Heart
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Blood Supply to the HeartBlood Supply to the Heart
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Coronary ArteriesCoronary ArteriesCoronary VeinsCoronary Veins
Coronary VesselsCoronary Vessels
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Coronary vessels branch from Aorta:L Coronary Artery & R Coronary Artery 41
Blood Supply to the HeartBlood Supply to the HeartCoronary VeinsCoronary Veins
Coronary SinusCoronary Sinus
Right AtriumRight Atrium42
CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUT..
QQ = CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUTL/min
2 Components2 ComponentsSTROKE VOLUME (SV)STROKE VOLUME (SV)
HEART RATE (HR)HEART RATE (HR)
SV SV ((ML/BEAT) x HR x HR ((BEATS/MIN)
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CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUT
0 10 20 30 40
REST
UNTRAINED
TRAINED Bar 1
Bar 2
Bar 3
Cardiac Output increases for Endurance Athletes44
HEART RATE & HEART RATE & EXERCISEEXERCISE
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HEART RATEHEART RATE
SUBMAX EXERCISE
Max EXERCISEMax EXERCISEREST
Exercise & Blood FlowExercise & Blood Flow
VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction of Arterioles to Inactive Organs
VasodilationVasodilation of Arterioles to ActiveMuscles46
• The arterial- mixed venous The arterial- mixed venous differencedifference (a- v O2 diff)
• Affected by:– the Amt. Of O2 extracted by muscles
– overall distribution of blood flow
–O2 extracted-- a-v O2 diff --
– ENDURANCE
»since less O2 in venous blood
OO2 2 Transport and Transport and
EnduranceEndurance
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OO2 2 Transport and Transport and
EnduranceEndurancePerformance is affected by:
1. VO1. VO2 2 maxmaxmax O2 consumption
2. Anerobic Threshold2. Anerobic Threshold % of VO2 max utilized in relation to
Lactic acid production
3. Degree of Efficiency3. Degree of Efficiency
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Lactic Acid Accumulation begins only after a certain
% VO2 max is reached- this starting point is
ANAEROBIC THRESHOLDANAEROBIC THRESHOLD
VOVO2 2 used / VO/ VO2 2 max x 100 = % VOmax x 100 = % VO2 2 maxmax
OO2 2 Transport and Transport and
EnduranceEndurance
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OO2 2 Transport and EnduranceTransport and Endurance
Efficiency of Efficiency of OO2 2 Transport SystemTransport System
Amt of Amt of OO2 2 Required during a given Exercise Required during a given Exercise
levellevelIf you require less of your VOVO2 2 max max
you will be less fatigued and able to run you will be less fatigued and able to run faster or farther=faster or farther=
MORE EFFICIENTMORE EFFICIENT 50
OO2 2 Transport & Transport &
AcclimatizationAcclimatizationAcclimatization: the process of Acclimatization: the process of
adapting performance levels to a higher adapting performance levels to a higher AltitudeAltitude
Physiological Changes:Physiological Changes:HyperventilationHyperventilation
Increased Hemoglobin ConcentrationIncreased Hemoglobin Concentration
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