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Introduction toMicrobiologyDr Paul Brown
BC10M: Introductory Biochemistry
Lecture 1
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Teaching Objectives
To give an overview of the history ofMicrobiology
To introduce the following:
The extent of the microbial world
Microscopy theory
Fundamental and quantitative techniques
Bacterial and viral growth characteristics
Microbial phylogenetic and metabolic diversity
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Learning OutcomesI
At the end of this section, students willhave an appreciation of &/or be able to:
The important developments in Microbiology
Describe basic and specialised microscopytechniques and their applications
The extent of the microbial world
Describe the important differences betweenprokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) and
eukaryotes
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Learning OutcomesII
At the end of this section, students shouldbe able to:
Describe basic and specialized techniques forquantifying microbial growth
Summarize the process of bacterial and viralreproduction and describe the dynamics of abacterial growth curve and the plaque assay
Indicate how bacteria are divided into groups
according to their phylogeny &/or metabolism
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Lecture Plan
Scope of Microbiology Extent of the microbial world
History of Microbiology
Techniques
Microscopy and Staining Pure culture methods
Quantitative methods
Microbial growth curve
Plaque assayMicrobial diversity Phylogeny
Substrate utilization
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References
Madigan et al. Brocks Biology ofMicroorganisms : 9th, 10th eds.
Prescott et al., Microbiology, 3rd
, 4th
eds.
Black, Microbiology, 4th ed.
Other Microbiology texts
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Introduction
microbiology- the study ofmicroorganisms
organisms to small to be seen with the
naked eye except in large groups
effects of large numbers often visible e.g., chemical reactions in soil horizons
e.g., toxin and gas production in incompletelysterilised food cans
e.g., disease in animals and plants
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Microbial World
Viruses
Bacteria (Eubacteria) andArchaeabacteria
Fungi (Yeasts and Molds)
Protozoa
Microscopic Algae
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Benefits
Maintain balance of environment(microbial ecology)
Basis of food chain
Nitrogen fixation
Photosynthesis
Digestion, synthesis of vitamins
Manufacture of food and drink
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Benefits
Genetic engineering
Synthesis of chemical products
Recycling sewage
Bioremediation: use microbes toremove toxins (oil spills)
Use of microbes to control crop pests
Normal microbiota
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Harmful Effects
Cause disease (basis for bioterrorism)
Food spoilage
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Robert Hooke, UK (1665)
Proposed the Cell Theory
Observed cork with crude microscope
All living things are composed of cells
Spontaneous generation
Some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter
Francesco Redi, IT (1668)
Redis experiments first to dispprove S.G.
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673) First observed live microorganisms
(animalcules)
Schleiden and Schwann, DE Formulated Cell Theory: cells are the
fundamental units of life and carry out allthe basic functions of living things
Pasteur, FR and Tyndall, UK (1861) Finally disproved S.G.
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist Fermentation (1857)
Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to killspoilage bacteria (1864)
Vaccine development rabies
Proposed the germ theory of disease
Proposed aseptic techniques (preventcontamination by unwanted microbes)
Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)
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Pioneers of Microbiology
Joseph Lister, UK (1867) Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect
wounds
First aseptic technique in surgeryRobert Koch, DE (1876) Postulates Germ theory (1876)
Identified microbes that caused anthrax
(1876), tuberculosis (1882) and cholera(1883)
Developed microbiological media & streakplates for pure culture (1881)
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Kochs Postulates
The specific causative agent must be found in everycase of the disease.
The disease organism must be isolated from thelesions of the infected case and maintained in pure
culture.
The pure culture, inoculated into a susceptible orexperimental animal, should produce the symptomsof the disease.
The same bacterium should be re-isolated in pureculture from the intentionally infected animal.
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Branches of Microbiology
Bacteriology: study of bacteria
Mycology: study of fungi
Immunology: study of immunity Edward Jenner, UK: developed vaccination
(1798)
Metchnikoff, RU: discovered phagocytes (1884)
Paul Ehrlich, DE: theory of immunity (1890)
Virology: study of viruses Beijerinck, NE: discovered intracellular
reproduction of TMV; coined the term virus(1899)
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Branches of Microbiology
Parasitology: study of protozoa and parasiticworms
Chemotherapy
Treatment of disease by using chemical means
Antibiotics produced naturally
Synthetic drugs
Paul Ehrlich (1878) used arsenic compounds to
fight disease magic bullet
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Branches of Microbiology
Chemotherapy
Alexander Fleming, Scotland (1928) discovered
penicillin Selman Waksman, Ukraine (1944) discovered
streptomycin
Problems
Toxicity of drugs => Selective toxicity Resistance of bacteria to drugs
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Branches of Microbiology
Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA
Genetic engineering/biotechnology Microbial genetics mechanism by which
microbes inherit genes
Molecular biology structure and
function (expression) of genes Molecular epidemiology/diagnostics
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Branches of Microbiology
Biotechnology
GMOs/GEMs for industrial, pharmaceutical and
agricultural applications Improvements of agriculture (plants and
animals)
Gene therapy: inserting a missing gene orreplacing a defective one in human cells
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