International tourism and the world market of
tourism services
Dubenyuk-Panagiotopoulou Yaroslava
PhD in Economic Sciences (World Economy and International
Economic Relations)
Associate Professor of the International Economy Chair
Mariupol State University(Ukraine)
International tourism
250 mln employed
4.5% world
investment
11% world
consumers’ expenses
5% tax revenues
25% world service
trade
Approaches to the definition of the international
tourism’s nature
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
UN WTO Infrastructural
Legal Statistical
International tourism is a form of international economic relations that reflects the relations
between the countries, arising during the production, realization, distribution and consumption of
tourism services and related goods.
Peculiarities of international tourism as a kind of economic activity: Tourism is based on the people’s exchanges; Immobility of tourism services; Absence of the material form; Tourism services are lost in time; Possibility to change the quality of some
services in the tour; Time lag between the fact of payment for
tourist product and the fact of its consumption; Quality’s dependence on the immediate
executives; Informational saturation; Seasonal fluctuation of the tourist demand; Territorial dissociation of consumer and
producer.
Functions of international tourism
Recreational
Holistic
Political
Ecological
Economical
Economical subfunctions of international tourism
Subfunctions
Productive
Employment promotionDirect effect
Indirect effect
Income creation
Smoothing
Leveling of the balance of payment
Investment promotion
Commercial
Distributional
Tourism employment in some countriesCountry Direct effect, % from general employment rate General effect, % from general employment
Maldives islands 25,9 54,2
Cayman islands 18,1 47,3
Malta 15,6 26,3
Cyprus 11,7 22,1
Jordan 10,0 20,9
Mauritanian islands 10,0 21,9
Belize 8,9 22,0
Spain 8,3 20,9
New Zealand 6,2 13,3
USA 5,6 12,6
Gambia 5,5 12,4
Cuba 5,1 12,1
United Kingdom 4,9 14,8
Australia 4,7 14,5
France 4,3 11,7
Turkey 3,9 8,9
Sri-Lanka 3,1 7,4
India 2,7 5,6
Indonesia 2,3 7,4
China 2,0 7,0
World and the EU’s job market in 2012
9,10%
8,70%
90,90%
91,30%
0,00% 20,00% 40,00% 60,00% 80,00% 100,00%
European Union
World
Tourism
Other sectors
Economical subfunctions of international tourism
Subfunctions
Productive
Employment promotionDirect effect
Indirect effect
Income creation
Smoothing
Leveling of the balance of payment
Investment promotion
Commercial
Distributional
Interconnection of the tourism categories
Inbound tourism
Domestic tourism
Outbound tourism
TOURISM WITHIN THE
COUNTRY
NATIONAL TOURISM
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
Mechanism of tourism market
functioning
NON-ORGANIZED
TOURAGENT
Transport companies
TOURIST TOUROPERATOR
Hotels, motels etc.
Catering companies
Insurance companies
Banks
Embassies, Consulates
Foreign partners
Governmental bodies
Tourism services markets
International (world)
National
Regional
Local
Classification of the world market of tourism
servicesWorld market of tourism services
Level of the economic development
The role f the country on the world tourism market
Regional affiliation
Tourism market of developed countries
Tourism market of developing countries
Market of low-developing countries
Market of advanced economies
Market of CIS’s countries (transitive economies)
Tourism market of host countries
Tourism market of countries generating the
tourists flows
European tourism market
American tourism market
Tourism market of East Asia and Pacific countries
Tourism market of Middle East countries
Tourism market of Southern Asia countries
Africa tourism market
International tourists’ arrivals and revenues from international tourism,
1950-2013Year Tourists’ arrivals, mln. Growth rate, % to the
previous periodRevenues from tourism,
bln. dol.Growth rate, % to the
previous period
1950 25 - 2 -
1960 69 176,0 7 250,0
1970 160 131,8 18 157,1
1980 285 78,1 102 466,7
1990 459 61,0 265 159,8
2000 686 49,5 476 79,6
2001 684 -0,3 463 -2,7
2002 703 2,8 474 2,4
2003 691 -1,7 525 10,8
2004 763 10,4 622 18,5
2005 806 5,6 680 9,3
2006 842 4,5 733 7,8
2007 898 6,65 745 1,7
2008 924 1,8 944 10,3
2009 880 -4,76 852 -9,7
2010 935 6,7 919 7,9
2011 996 6,5 1042 13,4
2012 1035 3,9 1075 3,2
2013 1088 5,1 - -
Changes of the tourists’ arrivals in Asia’s and Pacific countries in 1997-
1998
1997 1998
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2 +0,9%
-3,1%-2,1%
-6,9%
Arrivals from abroad Arrivals from the Easter Asia's and Pacific countries
International tourists’ arrivals and revenues from international tourism,
1950-2013Year Tourists’arrivals, mln. Growth rate, % to the
previous periodRevenues from tourism,
bln. dol.Growth rate, % to the
previous period
1950 25 - 2 -
1960 69 176,0 7 250,0
1970 160 131,8 18 157,1
1980 285 78,1 102 466,7
1990 459 61,0 265 159,8
2000 686 49,5 476 79,6
2001 684 -0,3 463 -2,7
2002 703 2,8 474 2,4
2003 691 -1,7 525 10,8
2004 763 10,4 622 18,5
2005 806 5,6 680 9,3
2006 842 4,5 733 7,8
2007 898 6,65 745 1,7
2008 924 1,8 944 10,3
2009 880 -4,76 852 -9,7
2010 935 6,7 919 7,9
2011 996 6,5 1042 13,4
2012 1035 3,9 1075 3,2
2013 1088 5,1 - -
World tourists’ arrivals in 2001
Series1
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
-0,3
2.9
-9.2
2001
January-August
September-December
Ch
ang
es,
%
International tourists’ arrivals and revenues from international tourism,
1950-2013Year Tourists’ arrivals, mln. Growth rate, % to the
previous periodRevenues from tourism,
bln. dol.Growth rate, % to the
previous period
1950 25 - 2 -
1960 69 176,0 7 250,0
1970 160 131,8 18 157,1
1980 285 78,1 102 466,7
1990 459 61,0 265 159,8
2000 686 49,5 476 79,6
2001 684 -0,3 463 -2,7
2002 703 2,8 474 2,4
2003 691 -1,7 525 10,8
2004 763 10,4 622 18,5
2005 806 5,6 680 9,3
2006 842 4,5 733 7,8
2007 898 6,65 745 1,7
2008 924 1,8 944 10,3
2009 880 -4,76 852 -9,7
2010 935 6,7 919 7,9
2011 996 6,5 1042 13,4
2012 1035 3,9 1075 3,2
2013 1088 5,1
Leading countries in tourists’ arrivals and the revenues from international
tourism ,2012 Країна Rating Tourists’
arrivals, 2012, millions
Share in world
tourists’ arrivals
Revenues 2012,
billions dollars
Share in world
tourism revenues
Tourists’ arrivals
Revenues
France 1 3 83,0 8,0 53,7 5,0
USA 2 1 67,0 6,5 126,2 11,7
China 3 4 57,7 5,6 50,0 4,6
Spain 4 2 57,7 5,6 55,9 5,2
Italy 5 6 46,4 4,5 41,2 3,8
Turkey 6 12 35,7 3,4 25,7 2,4
Germany 7 7 30,4 2,9 38,1 3,5
United Kingdom 8 8 29,3 2,8 36,4 3,4
Russian Federation 9 27 25,7 2,5 11,2 1,0
Malaysia 10 13 25,0 2,4 19,7 1,8
Total for 10 countries 457,9 44,2 458,1 42,6
1035 100 1075 100
Structural changes in tourists’ expenses and tourists’ arrivals in 1990-2012 (by countries’ groups)
Group Share in tourists’ expenses, % Share in tourists’ arrivals, %
1990 1995 2000 2004 2010 2012 1990 1995 2000 2004 2010 2012
Developed countries
74,7 74,0 73,0 63,0 63,1 64,1 71,0 64,0 61,0 59,0 53,0 53,2
Developing countries
25,1 24,0 25,0 32,0 36,9 35,9 28,0 31,0 32,0 37,0 47,0 46,8
Central and Eastern Europe and CIS’s countries
0,2 2,0 2,0 5,0 - - 1,0 5,0 7,0 4,0 - -
Regional structure’s changes in the world tourists’ arrivals
Europe 68,2%
America 25,5%
Asia and Pacific 3,2%Others 3,1%
Chart Title
1970
Europe 50%
Middle East; 0,02Southern Asia 1%
Africa 3%
America 26%
Asia and Pacific 18%
Chart Title
2001
2013
Europe52,0%
America15,0%
Eastern Asia and Pacific23,0%
Africa 5,0%
Middle East 5,0%
Forecasted changes in the regional structure of tourists’ arrivals,
2020 -2030, %
Region Arrivals, millions Market share, %
2020 2030 2020 2030
World 1360 1809 100 100
Africa 85 134 6,25 7,4
America 199 248 14,6 13,7
Asia and Pacific
355 535 26,1 29,6
Europe 620 744 45,6 41,1
Middle East 101 149 7,45 8,2
Factors that will influence on the world tourism market’s
development
Globalization; Changes in currencies’
exchange rates; Visa’s regimes changes; Anthropogenic catastrophes
and natural disasters.
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