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! Chloroplast development
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Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology, Taiwan
Dr. Lakhwinder SinghAssociate Professor and Head Department of
Applied Science, CGC College of Engineering Punjab, India
Dr.Rajesh Kumar SahuAssociate Professor Department of Chemistry
Vishwavidyalaya Engineering CollegeLakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur
Chattisgarh, India
Dr. Kakali PurkayasthaAll India Institute of medical Sciences,
India
Dr. Tanveer AlamM.Sc., Ph.D. Techno commercial DirectorUoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants &
Marine Natural Products University of Nizwa, Nizwa Sultanate of Oman, Oman
Dr Yogesh Kumar SharmaSwami Shraddhanand College, Dept. of
Chemistry University of Delhi, Alipur, New Delhi, India
Dr. Sharad M SontakkeInstitute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Pradipta Kumar BeheraSambhalpur University, India
Dr. Shubha JainSchool of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,
Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
Ramakrishna RaoDepartment of Chemistry, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Dr. G Vijaya LakshmiDepartment of Chemistry, University College of
Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Satyabrata MohapatraEmami Ltd., India
Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti NavaleDepartment of Chemistry, Vivekanand Education
Society's College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Purav M. BadaniDepartment of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (East),
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. J John Peter PaulDepartment of Botany, St.Xavier's College
Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Rajib Ghosh ChaudhuriDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani,
Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Photochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Photochemistry issues, from theoretical
aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Photochemistry as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Photochemistry, addressing researchers and practitioners
in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Photochemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness
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industry practitioners in a range of topics in Photochemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder
for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International
Journal of Photochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Atmospheric
thermodynamics, Biological thermodynamics, Chemical thermodynamics, Equilibrium thermodynamics,
Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Maximum entropy
thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Reaction's mechanism, Gas phase kinetics, Solution
kinetics etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of
Photochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation
and the success of Photochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported
the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others,
reporting new developments in the field of Photochemistry.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Photochemistry readers and
will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Photochemistry.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Functionalized Graphene Oxide: An Advanced Material for the Photocatalytic Application Shrikant S. Maktedar, Shantilal S. Mehetre, Gopal Avashthi, Man Singh, Theerthagiri Jayaraman, Madhavan Jagannathan 1
2. Localization of 2-Methoxy Naphthalene in Micellar Medium through Fluorescence Quenching A. Xess, S.N. Panda, P.K. Behera 5
3. Plant Circadian Rhythms: An OverviewMeenakshi Tripathi 10
4. New Generation Solar Cells: Recent ReportSona Chahal 12
5. Photomorphogenesis and Photoreceptors in Plants: A ReviewChhavi Jain 14
Contents
IJP (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Functionalized Graphene Oxide: An Advanced Material for the
Photocatalytic Application
Shrikant S. Maktedar1, Shantilal S. Mehetre
1, Gopal Avashthi
1, Man Singh
1*, Theerthagiri
Jayaraman2, Madhavan Jagannathan
2
1School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India 2Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, India
Abstract
Since an inception of time, carbon-based materials have been explored for the various
potential applications. The graphene exists in various forms of carbon in numerous
dimensions like 3D in graphite, 2D in graphene, 1D in carbon nanotube (CNT) and 0D in
fullerene. The processability of 3D graphite is a challenge due to its higher stability and
insolubility in organic solvents. Therefore, to increase its processability, the 3D graphite is
converted into 2D graphene using wet chemical methods. We have developed a robust
approach for the direct functionalization of graphene oxide without using any hazardous
acylating and coupling reagents. The as prepared functionalized graphene oxide with
indazole derivatives was found to be suitable for thermal and electrochemical applications.
The increase in visible light absorption efficiency and rapid photo induced charge separation
suggests the synergistic impact of various functionalities over the surface of graphene oxide.
The GrO and f-(6-AIND) GrO exhibited the significant photocatalytic activity for the
degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The photoelectrochemical
support for the photocatalytic activity of GrO and f-(6-AIND) GrO was significant in the
development of functional photocatalyst.
INTRODUCTION
The graphene exists in the carbon
allotropes in various dimensions.[1–3]
The
extraordinary structure and properties of
graphene attracts the young researcher to
probe it’s the newer applications.[4–8]
Semiconductor photocatalysis makes use
of solar energy and has received
considerable attention both in the areas of
environmental remediation as well as
energy storage.[9]
An ideal photocatalyst
should be stable, inexpensive, and able to
harvest light in the visible region.[10]
A
major factor responsible for reduced
efficiency of a photocatalyst is the
recombination rate of photo-generated
electron–hole pairs. Therefore, huge effort
is being made on the development of
catalytic materials suitable for harvesting
solar energy for photocatalytic
degradation. Over the past few decades,
various semiconductor materials such as
metal oxides, sulphides and oxynitrides
have been identified as efficient
photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic
pollutants in water. However, the nitrogen
doped graphene has been widely used as
metal free visible light active
photocatalyst.[11]
Therefore, the present
studies focus on the photocatalytic
application of our previous prepared N-
doped graphene oxide.
EXPERIMENTAL
The compounds were synthesized as per
our previous reported method.[12–13]
In
IJP (2016) 5–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Localization of 2-Methoxy Naphthalene in Micellar Medium
through Fluorescence Quenching
A. Xess1, S.N. Panda
2, P.K. Behera
1*
1School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
2Vikash Degree College, Bargarh, Odisha, India
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching of 2-methoxy naphthalene (2-ROMe) by Cu2+
in anionic, cationic
and non-ionic micelles were investigated by steady state fluorescence spectrophotometer. In
cationic and non-ionic micelle, the quenching is purely dynamic whereas as in anionic
micelle it is dynamic within a limiting concentration of quencher. The extent of quenching
depends on localization of probe and quencher in micelle as well as the charge of the
micellar interface.
Keywords: fluorescence quenching, 2-methoxy naphthalene, micelle, dynamic quenching,
Stern–Volmer plot
INTRODUCTION
Fluorescence quenching has often been
employed as a powerful tool to obtain
adequate information about the structure
and dynamics of fluorescent molecules in
aqueous media as micelles, reversed
micelles, and microemulsions.[1–4]
Its also
being used as a useful method to
characterize the immediate environment of
specific fluorophores.[5,6]
If water contains an appropriate quantity
of the surfactant, micelle formation occurs
and the fluorophore gets solubilized by
inclusion inside them.[4,7]
Fluorescence
quenching is a process, in which
fluorescence intensity of the solute
decreases by variety of molecular
interactions such as excited state reactions,
molecular rearrangements decreases by
variety of molecular interactions such as
excited state reactions, molecular
rearrangements, energy transfer, ground-
state complex formation and collisional
quenching.[8]
The fluorescence quenching is generally
characterized by the well-known Stern–
Volmer (SV) equation which describes the
linear dependence of the fluorescence
intensity of a fluorophore to the
concentration of a quencher.[8]
However,
many photochemical reactions exhibit
deviation from the SV equation either
positively or negatively.
The main reason for the positive deviation
(upward) is the formation of a non-
fluorescent complex between the
fluorophore and quencher in the ground-
state (static quenching) or collision
between the fluorophore and quencher in
the excited state (dynamic quenching). The
negative deviation has been observed
when a fraction of the total number of
fluorophores is not accessible to
quenchers.[9,10]
But very few reports have
been appeared in the literature for
downward (negative) deviations in the SV
plot.[11]
IJP (2016) 10–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Plant Circadian Rhythms: An Overview
Meenakshi Tripathi* Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
INTRODUCTION
All living organisms on Earth have
adapted to the daily 24 h of day/night
cycle by evolving circadian rhythms or
what is often called as circadian clocks.
The circadian rhythms regulate almost
every aspects of life including metabolism
and behavior. They have been observed in
physiological, developmental, biochemical
and transcriptional activities.[1]
In plants,
circadian rhythms regulate traits such as
the movements of leaves, organs, stomata,
and even growth and signaling. The
circadian rhythms in plants are controlled
by light and temperature signals from the
environment. The relative timing of
internal and external processes depends
upon a complex interplay of interacting
rhythmic controls and environmental
signals. The mechanisms by which
circadian behavior is regulated, the
processes that control circadian behavior
and the adaptive advantages gained by
circadian control are poorly understood.
Characteristics of circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythms are an integral part of
biological rhythms with time period
needed to cover one complete cycle.[2]
The
term ‘circadian’ was coined by Franz
Halberg in 1959 from the Latin words
‘circa’ meaning ‘about’ and ‘dies’
meaning ‘day’. Certain features of
circadian rhythms that make them special
are:
1. As the name suggests, they are
rhythmic, in the sense that they have
defined period of time.
2. They are generated endogenously and
are self-sustaining, and persist under
constant environmental conditions such
as controlled conditions of light (and/or
dark) and temperature. 3. A third characteristic of all circadian
rhythms is temperature compensation;
the period remains relatively constant
over a range of ambient temperatures.[3]
Environmental signals for circadian
rhythm
Nature gives a complex set of signals over
a daily period of day and night cycle that
includes varying conditions of light and
temperature. Variations in light include
both the quality and quantity of light. It is
required that the signals in circadian
rhythm matches with the variations in the
environmental cycle. If the circadian clock
were delayed relative to the environment,
biological processes would occur later than
normal. On the other, a circadian clock
that was advanced relative to the
environment would trigger rhythmic
processes too early. A phase delay in each
successive cycle results in a change of
period.
Temperature
The circadian rhythms can be entrained by
fluctuations in cold and warm seasonal
cycles. Although some research has been
made in this field, our understanding of the
entrainment mechanism is still in its
infancy. Circadian rhythm entrainment to
temperature cycles have been well
documented in Arabidopsis in which day
and night temperatures differ by 4 °C or
less. These have been used experimentally
to test whether the defects of circadian
mutants were specific to light signaling. A
detailed phase response curve to
1. .
IJP (2016) 12–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
New Generation Solar Cells: Recent Report
Sona Chahal Department of Electrical and Electronics, Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad
Sun is the source of energy for all the
living organisms on Earth. The energy
from Sun often called the solar energy or
solar power is one of the clean energy
sources that is now-a-days in great demand
on account of the increasing industrial and
economical needs. Solar energy is
becoming an ideal alternative source to
fossil fuels. On an average, every square
meter of Earth's surface receives 164 watts
of solar energy. The good thing is that it is
in so much quantity-much more than we
could ever use.
The energy from Sun reaches the planet
Earth in the form of a mixture of heat and
light. Both of these are incredibly
important. The light helps plants to grow,
providing us food, while the heat keeps us
warm enough to survive. However, neither
the light nor the heat generated from this
solar energy can be directly utilized for the
living being. The solar energy is first
converted into other energy forms like the
electricity that is more easily utilizable.
Solar cells are electronic devices that
capture sun’s energy and convert it
directly into electricity. Solar cells can be
bundled together to make larger units
called solar modules. The most commonly
known inorganic solar cells are those made
of silicon, used over roof tops and in solar
farms. These silicon solar cells are quite
expensive and require huge amount of
energy. Also, the modules made of silicon
are heavy and bulky. As an alternative,
low-cost thin film solar cells have been
developed but that have found to contain
toxic elements such as cadmium, lead,
indium etc.
In a recent research at ICFO Gerasimos
Konstantatos, semi-transparent solar cells
have been generated that are devoid of
toxic elements. These solar cells are based
on AgBiS2 nanocrystals that consist of
earth-abundant elements produced in
ambient conditions at low temperatures of
100°C, which is much lower as compared
to that required for silicon-based solar
cells. The AgBiS2 nanocrystals are strong
panchromatic absorbers of light and are
engineered in such a way as to act as
effective charge-transporting medium for
solar cells.
The team of researchers at ICFO
developed these cells through a low
temperature hot-injection synthetic
procedure. The nanocrystals were first
dispersed into organic solvents, where the
solutions remained stable over months
without any losses in the device
performance. The nanocrystals were later
deposited onto a thin film of ZnO and ITO,
the most commonly used transparent
conductive oxide, through a layer-by-layer
deposition process until a sufficient
thickness (approximately 35nm) was
attained.
The characteristic feature of AgBiS2-
based solar cells is that they are made at
low temperatures using low-cost solution
processing techniques unlike other solar
cells that require sophisticated and
expensive equipment for fabrication. Also,
these cells have shown a power conversion
efficiency of 6.3 %, which is comparable
with early reported efficiencies of already
available high performance thin-film solar-
cell technologies. These features give
IJP (2016) 14–17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Photomorphogenesis and Photoreceptors in Plants: A Review
Chhavi Jain*
MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Plants are essential for the survival of living beings on Earth. But how the growth and
development of plants is regulated is something which is important to be understood. Several
factors regulate the plant growth and development including hormonal as well as
environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, light plays crucial role for the
growth of plants. This branch of science that deals with the study of growth and development
of plants in response to light is termed as ‘photomorphogenesis’. Here, in this review, we
have highlighted the various biological processes in plants that are regulated by light and the
photoreceptors that are involved in these activities.
Keywords: Cryptochromes, photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochromes,
INTRODUCTION
Several factors participate in influencing
the growth and development of plants.
These include both the internal factors i.e.,
hormones as well as external factors such
as light, temperature and humidity. These
factors together affect the daily life and
activities of plants. Among these, light
plays a crucial role in affecting the way
plants grow. Light is essential not only for
photosynthetic activity but also for various
processes occurring throughout the plant
life-cycle. This includes flowering, seed
germination, seedling de-etiolation, stem
elongation, leaf expansion, stomatal
opening or closing, lateral branching, bud
dormancy etc.
Photomorphogenesis
The term ‘Photomorphogenesis’
(Photo=light, Morphogenesis=
development) refers to all the responses or
developmental activities occurring in
plants in response to light. These
photomorphogenic responses are broadly
classified into 2 categories viz.,
phototropic and photoperiodic. The former
involves reorientation of plant organs with
respect to an asymmetry in the incident
light such as the bending of shoot tips
towards the direction of light.
Photoperiodic responses involve those
aspects of plant development that are
regulated in response to changes in daily
light/dark cycle and involve a circadian
timing mechanism. Examples of such
responses include flowering, bud
dormancy, leaf senescence.
Photomorphogenetic photoreceptors
To understand the photomorphogenetic
responses, it is important to understand the
action spectra and the various
photoreceptors involved in such
photobiological phenomenon. Initial
investigations identified the blue (BL), red
(R) and far-red (FR) regions of the
spectrum that are involved for regulating
plant growth. Later, with the advent of
molecular genetics, it became feasible to
identify and understand the diverse nature
and functions of photoreceptor pigments
involved in informational light sensing.
International Journal of
Photochemistry
Jan – Jun 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
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Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
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Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
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