International Journal of Photochemistry vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of

Photochemistry

Jan – Jun 2016

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Focus and Scope of the Journal! Photoelectrochemical cell

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! Photochemistry and photobiology

! Photochemical logic gate

! Photoreceptor systems in plants

! Blue light systems

! Etiolated and de-etiolated growth pattern of plants

! Blue light photoreceptors

! Phytochromobilin

! Photomorphogenetic mutants

! Chloroplast development

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Dr. Yee-Wen YenProfessor/Vice Dean of College of Engineering

Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of

Science and Technology, Taiwan

Dr. Lakhwinder SinghAssociate Professor and Head Department of

Applied Science, CGC College of Engineering Punjab, India

Dr.Rajesh Kumar SahuAssociate Professor Department of Chemistry

Vishwavidyalaya Engineering CollegeLakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur

Chattisgarh, India

Dr. Kakali PurkayasthaAll India Institute of medical Sciences,

India

Dr. Tanveer AlamM.Sc., Ph.D. Techno commercial DirectorUoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants &

Marine Natural Products University of Nizwa, Nizwa Sultanate of Oman, Oman

Dr Yogesh Kumar SharmaSwami Shraddhanand College, Dept. of

Chemistry University of Delhi, Alipur, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sharad M SontakkeInstitute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai,

Maharashtra, India

Dr. Pradipta Kumar BeheraSambhalpur University, India

Dr. Shubha JainSchool of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry,

Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

Ramakrishna RaoDepartment of Chemistry, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University, Bangalore,

Karnataka, India

Dr. G Vijaya LakshmiDepartment of Chemistry, University College of

Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Satyabrata MohapatraEmami Ltd., India

Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti NavaleDepartment of Chemistry, Vivekanand Education

Society's College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Purav M. BadaniDepartment of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (East),

Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. J John Peter PaulDepartment of Botany, St.Xavier's College

Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Rajib Ghosh ChaudhuriDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani,

Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Photochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied

Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Photochemistry issues, from theoretical

aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Photochemistry as an

emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical

investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Photochemistry, addressing researchers and practitioners

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industry practitioners in a range of topics in Photochemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder

for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International

Journal of Photochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Atmospheric

thermodynamics, Biological thermodynamics, Chemical thermodynamics, Equilibrium thermodynamics,

Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Maximum entropy

thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Reaction's mechanism, Gas phase kinetics, Solution

kinetics etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of

Photochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation

and the success of Photochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported

the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others,

reporting new developments in the field of Photochemistry.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Photochemistry readers and

will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Photochemistry.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Functionalized Graphene Oxide: An Advanced Material for the Photocatalytic Application Shrikant S. Maktedar, Shantilal S. Mehetre, Gopal Avashthi, Man Singh, Theerthagiri Jayaraman, Madhavan Jagannathan 1

2. Localization of 2-Methoxy Naphthalene in Micellar Medium through Fluorescence Quenching A. Xess, S.N. Panda, P.K. Behera 5

3. Plant Circadian Rhythms: An OverviewMeenakshi Tripathi 10

4. New Generation Solar Cells: Recent ReportSona Chahal 12

5. Photomorphogenesis and Photoreceptors in Plants: A ReviewChhavi Jain 14

Contents

IJP (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Functionalized Graphene Oxide: An Advanced Material for the

Photocatalytic Application

Shrikant S. Maktedar1, Shantilal S. Mehetre

1, Gopal Avashthi

1, Man Singh

1*, Theerthagiri

Jayaraman2, Madhavan Jagannathan

2

1School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India 2Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, India

Abstract

Since an inception of time, carbon-based materials have been explored for the various

potential applications. The graphene exists in various forms of carbon in numerous

dimensions like 3D in graphite, 2D in graphene, 1D in carbon nanotube (CNT) and 0D in

fullerene. The processability of 3D graphite is a challenge due to its higher stability and

insolubility in organic solvents. Therefore, to increase its processability, the 3D graphite is

converted into 2D graphene using wet chemical methods. We have developed a robust

approach for the direct functionalization of graphene oxide without using any hazardous

acylating and coupling reagents. The as prepared functionalized graphene oxide with

indazole derivatives was found to be suitable for thermal and electrochemical applications.

The increase in visible light absorption efficiency and rapid photo induced charge separation

suggests the synergistic impact of various functionalities over the surface of graphene oxide.

The GrO and f-(6-AIND) GrO exhibited the significant photocatalytic activity for the

degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The photoelectrochemical

support for the photocatalytic activity of GrO and f-(6-AIND) GrO was significant in the

development of functional photocatalyst.

INTRODUCTION

The graphene exists in the carbon

allotropes in various dimensions.[1–3]

The

extraordinary structure and properties of

graphene attracts the young researcher to

probe it’s the newer applications.[4–8]

Semiconductor photocatalysis makes use

of solar energy and has received

considerable attention both in the areas of

environmental remediation as well as

energy storage.[9]

An ideal photocatalyst

should be stable, inexpensive, and able to

harvest light in the visible region.[10]

A

major factor responsible for reduced

efficiency of a photocatalyst is the

recombination rate of photo-generated

electron–hole pairs. Therefore, huge effort

is being made on the development of

catalytic materials suitable for harvesting

solar energy for photocatalytic

degradation. Over the past few decades,

various semiconductor materials such as

metal oxides, sulphides and oxynitrides

have been identified as efficient

photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic

pollutants in water. However, the nitrogen

doped graphene has been widely used as

metal free visible light active

photocatalyst.[11]

Therefore, the present

studies focus on the photocatalytic

application of our previous prepared N-

doped graphene oxide.

EXPERIMENTAL

The compounds were synthesized as per

our previous reported method.[12–13]

In



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Localization of 2-Methoxy Naphthalene in Micellar Medium

through Fluorescence Quenching

A. Xess1, S.N. Panda

2, P.K. Behera

1*

1School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, Odisha, India

2Vikash Degree College, Bargarh, Odisha, India

Abstract

Fluorescence quenching of 2-methoxy naphthalene (2-ROMe) by Cu2+

in anionic, cationic

and non-ionic micelles were investigated by steady state fluorescence spectrophotometer. In

cationic and non-ionic micelle, the quenching is purely dynamic whereas as in anionic

micelle it is dynamic within a limiting concentration of quencher. The extent of quenching

depends on localization of probe and quencher in micelle as well as the charge of the

micellar interface.

Keywords: fluorescence quenching, 2-methoxy naphthalene, micelle, dynamic quenching,

Stern–Volmer plot

INTRODUCTION

Fluorescence quenching has often been

employed as a powerful tool to obtain

adequate information about the structure

and dynamics of fluorescent molecules in

aqueous media as micelles, reversed

micelles, and microemulsions.[1–4]

Its also

being used as a useful method to

characterize the immediate environment of

specific fluorophores.[5,6]

If water contains an appropriate quantity

of the surfactant, micelle formation occurs

and the fluorophore gets solubilized by

inclusion inside them.[4,7]

Fluorescence

quenching is a process, in which

fluorescence intensity of the solute

decreases by variety of molecular

interactions such as excited state reactions,

molecular rearrangements decreases by

variety of molecular interactions such as

excited state reactions, molecular

rearrangements, energy transfer, ground-

state complex formation and collisional

quenching.[8]

The fluorescence quenching is generally

characterized by the well-known Stern–

Volmer (SV) equation which describes the

linear dependence of the fluorescence

intensity of a fluorophore to the

concentration of a quencher.[8]

However,

many photochemical reactions exhibit

deviation from the SV equation either

positively or negatively.

The main reason for the positive deviation

(upward) is the formation of a non-

fluorescent complex between the

fluorophore and quencher in the ground-

state (static quenching) or collision

between the fluorophore and quencher in

the excited state (dynamic quenching). The

negative deviation has been observed

when a fraction of the total number of

fluorophores is not accessible to

quenchers.[9,10]

But very few reports have

been appeared in the literature for

downward (negative) deviations in the SV

plot.[11]



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Plant Circadian Rhythms: An Overview

Meenakshi Tripathi* Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTION

All living organisms on Earth have

adapted to the daily 24 h of day/night

cycle by evolving circadian rhythms or

what is often called as circadian clocks.

The circadian rhythms regulate almost

every aspects of life including metabolism

and behavior. They have been observed in

physiological, developmental, biochemical

and transcriptional activities.[1]

In plants,

circadian rhythms regulate traits such as

the movements of leaves, organs, stomata,

and even growth and signaling. The

circadian rhythms in plants are controlled

by light and temperature signals from the

environment. The relative timing of

internal and external processes depends

upon a complex interplay of interacting

rhythmic controls and environmental

signals. The mechanisms by which

circadian behavior is regulated, the

processes that control circadian behavior

and the adaptive advantages gained by

circadian control are poorly understood.

Characteristics of circadian rhythms

Circadian rhythms are an integral part of

biological rhythms with time period

needed to cover one complete cycle.[2]

The

term ‘circadian’ was coined by Franz

Halberg in 1959 from the Latin words

‘circa’ meaning ‘about’ and ‘dies’

meaning ‘day’. Certain features of

circadian rhythms that make them special

are:

1. As the name suggests, they are

rhythmic, in the sense that they have

defined period of time.

2. They are generated endogenously and

are self-sustaining, and persist under

constant environmental conditions such

as controlled conditions of light (and/or

dark) and temperature. 3. A third characteristic of all circadian

rhythms is temperature compensation;

the period remains relatively constant

over a range of ambient temperatures.[3]

Environmental signals for circadian

rhythm

Nature gives a complex set of signals over

a daily period of day and night cycle that

includes varying conditions of light and

temperature. Variations in light include

both the quality and quantity of light. It is

required that the signals in circadian

rhythm matches with the variations in the

environmental cycle. If the circadian clock

were delayed relative to the environment,

biological processes would occur later than

normal. On the other, a circadian clock

that was advanced relative to the

environment would trigger rhythmic

processes too early. A phase delay in each

successive cycle results in a change of

period.

Temperature

The circadian rhythms can be entrained by

fluctuations in cold and warm seasonal

cycles. Although some research has been

made in this field, our understanding of the

entrainment mechanism is still in its

infancy. Circadian rhythm entrainment to

temperature cycles have been well

documented in Arabidopsis in which day

and night temperatures differ by 4 °C or

less. These have been used experimentally

to test whether the defects of circadian

mutants were specific to light signaling. A

detailed phase response curve to

1. .

IJP (2016) 12–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved


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New Generation Solar Cells: Recent Report

Sona Chahal Department of Electrical and Electronics, Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad

Sun is the source of energy for all the

living organisms on Earth. The energy

from Sun often called the solar energy or

solar power is one of the clean energy

sources that is now-a-days in great demand

on account of the increasing industrial and

economical needs. Solar energy is

becoming an ideal alternative source to

fossil fuels. On an average, every square

meter of Earth's surface receives 164 watts

of solar energy. The good thing is that it is

in so much quantity-much more than we

could ever use.

The energy from Sun reaches the planet

Earth in the form of a mixture of heat and

light. Both of these are incredibly

important. The light helps plants to grow,

providing us food, while the heat keeps us

warm enough to survive. However, neither

the light nor the heat generated from this

solar energy can be directly utilized for the

living being. The solar energy is first

converted into other energy forms like the

electricity that is more easily utilizable.

Solar cells are electronic devices that

capture sun’s energy and convert it

directly into electricity. Solar cells can be

bundled together to make larger units

called solar modules. The most commonly

known inorganic solar cells are those made

of silicon, used over roof tops and in solar

farms. These silicon solar cells are quite

expensive and require huge amount of

energy. Also, the modules made of silicon

are heavy and bulky. As an alternative,

low-cost thin film solar cells have been

developed but that have found to contain

toxic elements such as cadmium, lead,

indium etc.

In a recent research at ICFO Gerasimos

Konstantatos, semi-transparent solar cells

have been generated that are devoid of

toxic elements. These solar cells are based

on AgBiS2 nanocrystals that consist of

earth-abundant elements produced in

ambient conditions at low temperatures of

100°C, which is much lower as compared

to that required for silicon-based solar

cells. The AgBiS2 nanocrystals are strong

panchromatic absorbers of light and are

engineered in such a way as to act as

effective charge-transporting medium for

solar cells.

The team of researchers at ICFO

developed these cells through a low

temperature hot-injection synthetic

procedure. The nanocrystals were first

dispersed into organic solvents, where the

solutions remained stable over months

without any losses in the device

performance. The nanocrystals were later

deposited onto a thin film of ZnO and ITO,

the most commonly used transparent

conductive oxide, through a layer-by-layer

deposition process until a sufficient

thickness (approximately 35nm) was

attained.

The characteristic feature of AgBiS2-

based solar cells is that they are made at

low temperatures using low-cost solution

processing techniques unlike other solar

cells that require sophisticated and

expensive equipment for fabrication. Also,

these cells have shown a power conversion

efficiency of 6.3 %, which is comparable

with early reported efficiencies of already

available high performance thin-film solar-

cell technologies. These features give



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Photomorphogenesis and Photoreceptors in Plants: A Review

Chhavi Jain*

MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Plants are essential for the survival of living beings on Earth. But how the growth and

development of plants is regulated is something which is important to be understood. Several

factors regulate the plant growth and development including hormonal as well as

environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, light plays crucial role for the

growth of plants. This branch of science that deals with the study of growth and development

of plants in response to light is termed as ‘photomorphogenesis’. Here, in this review, we

have highlighted the various biological processes in plants that are regulated by light and the

photoreceptors that are involved in these activities.

Keywords: Cryptochromes, photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochromes,

INTRODUCTION

Several factors participate in influencing

the growth and development of plants.

These include both the internal factors i.e.,

hormones as well as external factors such

as light, temperature and humidity. These

factors together affect the daily life and

activities of plants. Among these, light

plays a crucial role in affecting the way

plants grow. Light is essential not only for

photosynthetic activity but also for various

processes occurring throughout the plant

life-cycle. This includes flowering, seed

germination, seedling de-etiolation, stem

elongation, leaf expansion, stomatal

opening or closing, lateral branching, bud

dormancy etc.

Photomorphogenesis

The term ‘Photomorphogenesis’

(Photo=light, Morphogenesis=

development) refers to all the responses or

developmental activities occurring in

plants in response to light. These

photomorphogenic responses are broadly

classified into 2 categories viz.,

phototropic and photoperiodic. The former

involves reorientation of plant organs with

respect to an asymmetry in the incident

light such as the bending of shoot tips

towards the direction of light.

Photoperiodic responses involve those

aspects of plant development that are

regulated in response to changes in daily

light/dark cycle and involve a circadian

timing mechanism. Examples of such

responses include flowering, bud

dormancy, leaf senescence.

Photomorphogenetic photoreceptors

To understand the photomorphogenetic

responses, it is important to understand the

action spectra and the various

photoreceptors involved in such

photobiological phenomenon. Initial

investigations identified the blue (BL), red

(R) and far-red (FR) regions of the

spectrum that are involved for regulating

plant growth. Later, with the advent of

molecular genetics, it became feasible to

identify and understand the diverse nature

and functions of photoreceptor pigments

involved in informational light sensing.

International Journal of

Photochemistry

Jan – Jun 2016

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

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Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

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« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

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Circuits

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Engineering

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Engineering

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International Journal of Photochemistry vol 2 issue 1

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