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Tocitethisarticle:MasayukiYoshidaandShigetoKobayashi(2018)‘UsingSimulationandGamingtoDesignaCommunityCurrencySystem’InternationalJournalofCommunityCurrencyResearch2018Volume22(Winter)132‐144<www.ijccr.net>ISSN1325‐9547.DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.15133/j.ijccr.2018.011

International Journal of

Community Currency Research 2018 VOLUME 22 (WINTER) 132‐144

USING SIMULATION AND GAMING TO DESIGN A COMMUNITY

CURRENCY SYSTEM

Masayuki YOSHIDA* and Shigeto KOBAYASHI**

*JoetsuUniversityofEducation,Japan,Email:[email protected]

**JapanAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,JapanEmail:s‐[email protected]

Bothauthorscontributedequallytothispaper.

ABSTRACT

Wepositiongamingandsimulationasonemethodfordesigningacommunitycurrency(CC)thatmatchesthelocalcustomsandinstitutionsattheintroductorystageanddiscusstheeffectsofthismethodbyanalysingtheresultsoftheattemptsmadesofar.InordertolearntheCCsystemandtopromotecommonunderstandingamongdifferentstakeholders,wemadeTheCommunityCurrencyGame(CCG).WeimplementedthegamingtotheresidentswhowereplanningtointroduceaCCintotheir town. In thegaming,participants’ attitudes towards thediversityofmoneywerepositivelyaffectedandtheybegantorecognizethatthesocialnetworkcreatedbyCCisimportanttotheregion.We found that through the virtual use of a CC in gaming, it is possible to share knowledge ofparticipants’perceptionoftheCCandtheirresultingbehavioursandutilizethisknowledgetodiscussafundamentalaspectoftheCCanditsdesign.WeconstructedacomputersimulationmodelbasedonCCGtoidentifythefactorsthatpromotethecirculationofCC.Wefoundthatthepurchaseratesoftheareawithintownincreasedwithinthreeparameters:thepremiumrateofCC,theproportionoftheCCinsalaries,andtheprobabilityofvolunteerswithCC.AsresidentsbegantoofferdiscountsaccordingtothepremiumrateoftheCC,shopevaluationsinsidetheareaincreased.Therefore,thispolicy stimulates the local economy. However, the cost of the CC issue increased owing to thepremium.Ontheotherhand,policiesinwhichtheresidentagents’salarieswerepaidwithCCandvolunteerswerepaidbyresidentswithCCaresustainable.Thesepoliciesdonotdirectlystimulatepurchasesinsidethetown.However,thepurchaserateoftheareawithintowngraduallyincreaseswiththeratiooftheCCinsalaries.Moreover,theprobabilityofvolunteersincreasesaccordingtohabitualuseofCC,community‐orientedvalues,andthebalanceofCC.Inthisstudy,wefoundthatsimulation is an excellentmethod of presenting specific scenarios for a CC design based on thediscussion in thegaming.Within the cooperative relationshipbetween community residentsandresearchers,amethodutilizingbothgamingandsimulationcanbeeffectiveindesigningaCCintheintroductorystage,whichuntilnow,hasbeencarriedoutonanadhocbasis． Thispaperfocusesonthediversedevelopmentofmoderncommunitycurrencies(CCs)inJapanandprovidesaclassificationofthembytype.ModernCCsappearedintheearly1970sandsincethenvarioustypeshavecirculatedglobally.WiththeincreaseinCCpractices,academicresearchintoCCshasemergedasagrowingareaofinterest.However,sinceCCsystemsarediverse,itisdifficulttoobtainacommonlyrecognizeddefinitionofCCs,orcriteriafortheirclassificationaccordingtotheircharacteristics. Since thisproblem is sharedevenby international researchers, it hasbecomeanimportant issue in the field. In this study,we confirm the definition and classification of CCs bysurveying previous studies on Japanese CCs. Furthermore, this paper reveals the reality of CCsystemsthatcontinuetoevolvethroughaprocessofdevelopmentanddecline,bylookingbackattheir history. In order to explain the evolutionary process, we employ the concept of

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“countermovement,”asadvocatedbyeconomicanthropologistKarlPolanyi.Basedonouroutcomes,wedescribethreestagesintheevolutionofCCs,whicharethereciprocalrealm,integrationbetweenthereciprocalandmarketrealms,andnewrealms.

KEYWORDS

gamingsimulation,multi‐agentsimulation,institutionaldesign

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisresearchwassupportedbygrantsfromFOST,JoetsuUniversityofEducation(ResearchProjectforYoungScientists),andGrant‐in‐AidforYoungScientists(B)GrantNumber25750122.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY CURRENCY RESEARCH 2018 VOLUME 22 (WINTER) 132‐144 GAWTHORPE

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1. PROBLEMSININTRODUCINGCOMMUNITYCURRENCIES

Sincethe2000s,manytypesofcommunitycurrencies(CCs)havebeenissuedandutilizedinJapan(Nishibe2013),someofwhichhaveencounteredsustainabilityproblems.Yamazaki(2013)reportedthatabout60%ofCCsinJapanwereterminatedorsuspendedbecauseofacirculationfailurewithincertainareas.SomearticlespointedoutthatCCsencounterseveraltypesofproblems.Sakata(2009)mentionedthatitisnecessarytobuildafundandhumanresourcesforaCCtosupportsustainableregionaldevelopment.However,Nishibe(2006)saidthatmanyorganiza‐tionsthatissueCCsaredependentonsubsidiesandvolunteerwork;therefore,theseorganizationswillnotfunctionefficientlyifsubsidieswerecutandthenumberofvolunteersdecreases.

However,CCsdonotcirculateeveniftheproblemoffundsandhumanresourcesisresolved.NakazatoandHira‐moto(2011)pointedoutthatCCtransactionsareconductedaspartofanorganization’spractice.Therefore,theorganization’spracticedecidesthemannerofCCtransactions.Konaka(2005),fromaresearchsurveyontheEGG—aCCimplementedintheEkimaeGinzaGenkiStreetinShizuokaPrefecture—explainedthenegativeperceptionofthisCC,andconsequently,theuseofEGGdidnotspread.Therefore,whenintroducingaCC,itisnecessarytocon‐sidernotonlyissuesoffundingandhumanresourcesoftheorganizationthatwillmanagetheCCanditscirculation,butalsoconsiderthesocialandculturalbackgroundofthetargetarea.However,inmanyareasofCCintroduction,itwasdifficulttodesignacirculationschemethatconsideredsocialandeconomicsystems,includingthecustomsandinstitutions,intheintroductionstage.However,itisalsofactthatresearchersandpractitionersareyettodevisemethodstodesignsuchacirculationschemeforCCs.WepositiongamingandsimulationasamethodofdesigningaCCthatmatchesthelocalcustomsandinstitutionsintheintroductionstageanddiscusstheeffectsofthismethodthroughananalysisoftheresultsofattemptsmadesofar.

2. PREVIOUSSTUDIESINCCDESIGN

Toresolvetheseproblems,itisnecessarytoestablishaplatformonwhichdifferenttypesofindividualscanuseCCsthatreflecttheirtradingsituations.LietaerandHallsmith(2006)focusonthepurposesofintroducingCCs.TheydefineCCsasallowing“localitiesandregionstocreaterealwealthintheirlocaleconomybymatchingtheunmetneedswiththeunderutilizedresources”(LieterandHallsmith2006,2).Theystatethefollowingstepsinestablish‐ingaCC:1)setcurrencyobjectives,2)choosetheappropriatecurrency,3)recruittheleadershipteam,4)choosetherightmechanisms,and5)establishacirculationsystem.Usingaworksheet,anorganizationconsideringaCCcansatisfythesepointsanddesignaCCsystem.However,sharingtheexperienceofusingaCCwithvarioustypesofstakeholdersisdifficultanditisnecessarytoprovidesuchsharingopportunities.

PowellandSalverda(1999)createdtheCommunityCurrencyRolePlaytosharetheexperienceofusingaCCwithparticipants.Theydefinetheobjectivesofthegameasfollows:1)createawarenessofhowresources(especiallymoney)flowoutofacommunity,2)showhowCCS(communitycurrencysystem)helpsplugsomeofthoseleaks,3)showhowpurchasingpowerincreasesthroughtheuseofCCS,4)demonstratethepowerofCCStocreateinter‐est‐freecredit,5)explaintheoperationofabasicCCS,6)createawarenessofhowacommunitycanre‐assessvalue(prices)withinthecommunity,and7)astartingpointfordiscussionsonwhetheraCCSwouldbefeasible/desirableunderlocalcircumstances(PowellandSalverda1999,3).ThismethodprovidesanopportunityofusingaCCandsharingthisexperiencewithparticipantsthroughdiscussions.ItisnecessarytoestablishtheCCsysteminadvance;however,severaltypesofparticipantsinthegamemakeitdifficulttosetpurposesforintroducingaCCS.Examiningthesemethods,wefindthatonefocusesonsettingpurposesforintroducingCCsandtheotheronunderstandingthemechanismofaCC.Theproblemseemstobethatthesemethodslackaprocesstosystematicallyincorporatebothpurposesettingandthelearningprocessandfeedbackoneachother’sachievements.Furthermore,itisnec‐essarytoincludenotonlyleadersbutalsovariousstakeholdersinvolvedintheCCsystem.WeconsiderthegamingsimulationsuitableforlearninghowtouseaCC1.Gamingsimulationis“ahybridform,involvingtheperformanceofgameactivitiesinsimulatedcontexts”(Greenblat1988,15).Gamingsimulationenables“anoperatingmodelofcentralfeaturesofelementsofarealorproposedsystem,process,orenvironment”(ibid,14).Furthermore,gaming

1 See Yoshida (2012)


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simulationissuitablefordesigningCCsandintroducingthemintocommunities2.Participantscandiscusscondi‐tionstoexamineforaCCtocirculatebasedontheresultsofthegame3.However,astherulesofCCsandtransactionsaredeterminedforgaming,itisdifficulttotransformthemintoreferencematerialswhensettingthedetailedpa‐rametersforCCdesign,whichmustbesetinadvance.ItisalsodifficulttodiscussandinvestigatethesustainabilityofCCcirculationfromgamingwithalimitednumberoftransactions.

Therefore,tosolvethesegamingproblems,weusecomputersimulationstopresentpossiblescenariosofCCcircu‐lation and investigate specific CC designs. Methods for analyzing and evaluating multiple assumed measuresthroughcomputersimulationhavepreviouslybeenusedinthefieldofsocialsimulation.Deguchi(2013)statedthatsimulationsarethemosteffectivemethodofinvestigatingtheinfluenceofparametersandtheevaluationsofvari‐ousoptions.Inaddition,Terano(2013)discussedsimulationsasamethodtodemonstratetheinitialandboundaryconditionsnecessaryfortheanalysisanddesignofsocialsystems.Inthisstudy,weconsidertheeffectivenessofsimulationandgamingastoolsforacommonunderstandingofthegoalsofaCCsystemandexplorepossiblesce‐nariosthatmightresultfromtheintroductionofCCs.

3. GAMINGSIMULATIONTOFORMCOMMONRECOGNITION

3.1 TheCommunityCurrencyGame(CCG)

TheCommunityCurrencyGame(CCG)isamulti‐player,face‐to‐face,analoggame.4 ThepurposeofthegameistolearntheCCsystem(howtouseaCC?)andpromotecommonunderstandingamongdifferentstakeholders(whatisthegoalofintroducingaCC?).

Themainrulesofthegameareasfollows5:

Determinefivetoeighttypesofresidentsinatown(businessperson,student,etc.);eachparticipantis

assignedoneoftheserolesandhastradingrecordsheets(seeFigure1).

Theparticipantsthrowadicetodeterminetheirtradeingoodsandservices.Whenparticipantsbuy

goodsandservices,theymustchooseashopwithinoroutsidethetown.Thepriceofgoodsandser‐

vicesinsidethetownishigherthanthatoutside.

Participantsfacesomeproblems(snowremoval,etc.),whicharedeterminedbythedice.Otherpartici‐

pantscanvolunteertohelp.Iftheyperformvolunteerservice,theirincomefromoutsidethetownre‐

ducestenpercentontheirnextturn,asthecostofvolunteerwork.Inthesesituations,theymust

choosetopursueeitherself‐interestorpublicinterest.

Thegameconsistsoftwophases.Thefirstphaseconsistsoftwoturnsandparticipantstradeonlywith

legaltender(yen)inthisphase.Thesecondphaseconsistsofthreeturns,inwhichtheytradewithle‐

galtenderandCC.Inthisphase,participantsmustdecidetheproportionofCCusedtopaytheselling

priceoftradedgoods.Further,participantsmustdecidewhethertoreceiveCCforvolunteerservices

rendered.

Weexplaintotheparticipantsthatthistownhastwobigproblems:thedeclineofthelocaleconomy,

2 SeeYoshida(2013),YoshidaandKobayashi(2014a),(2014b),(2015).3 SomeresearchershaveusedgamingsimulationtoinvestigatetheconditionsforthecirculationofCCs(HayashiandYosano2008).ThesestudiesnotedthattheeconomicdividewithinacommunityaffectsthecirculationofaCC.However,asCCissuerscannotoperatethiscondition,itisdifficulttoapplythesestudiesindesigningaCCsystem.WedevelopagamingsimulationtosearchfortheoperableconditionsthataffectthecirculationofaCC. 4 ThisgameisinspiredbyPowellandSalverda(1999)withasubstantialchange. 5 Fordetails,seeKobayashi,etal.(2013),YoshidaandKobayashi(2014a).


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anddecreaseinmutualaidinthecommunity.Wemakeparticipantsthinkforsolutionstotheseprob‐

lems.Asperthegamesetting,themoretheparticipantsuseaCC,theeasieritbecomestoresolvethese

problems.

Figure 1 Trading record sheets: employee

Figure 2 Situations in the Community Currency Game


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3.2Researchmethod

WeapplythegamingtotheresidentsofthreetownsinJapan:Iide,Tsubata,andNomi.WechoosethembecauseaCCisplannedforthesetownsinthefuture.IideisatowninthemountainousYamagataPrefecture.ThereareplanstointroduceaCCtopromotevoluntaryworkinagriculture.TsubataisasmalltownintheIshikawaPrefecture.TheintroductionofaCCisplannedtheretopromotevolunteerworkandrevitalizethelocaleconomy.NomiisatownintheIshikawaPrefectureandthereareplanstointroduceaCCtopromotevoluntaryworkincommunities.WeconductedthegamingonDecember4,2013inIide,onJanuary25,2014inTsubata,andonFebruary13,2015inNomi.InIide,12peopleparticipated;16inTsubata,and13inNomi.

Westudiedtwotypesofchangesinthegame.First,westudiedthechangesinbehaviorofparticipantsusingtheCC.Inparticular,wefocusedonchangesinpurchasingandvolunteeringwhentheCCwasintroduced.ThesechangeshelpedusexaminewhetherparticipantscanlearnusingaCC.Second,westudiedchangesintheirunderstandingofandattitudetoaCCduetotheirexperiencewiththegame.Wegatheredsurveydataonattitudetowardmoneyandcommunity‐orientedvaluesthroughpre‐andpost‐gamequestionnairesandanalyzedtheresponses.Wefocusedparticularlyontheparticipants’cognitivesocialcapitalandtheirattitudetowardmoney(Kobayashietal.2013).

Wehadtwotypesofdebriefingsinthisgame.Thefirstwasconductedafterthegaminganditsgoalwasforpartici‐pantstosharetheirexperiencesinthegame.EachroleannouncedtheirfinalbalanceoflegaltenderandCC.Then,theparticipantsdiscussedtheirexperiencesinthegameandtheirunderstandingofaCC.Thesecondtypeofde‐briefingwasconductedafteranalyzingthetradehistoryandpre‐andpost‐questionnaire.Inthisdebriefing,wefedbacktheseresultstotheparticipants.Aftersharingtheirbehaviorinthegame,theparticipantsdiscussedasuitableCCschemeanditsintroductionintheirtownorcommunity.ThegoalofthesecondtypeofdebriefingissharethevisionsofintroducingCCsintotownsorcommunitieswithseveraltypesofstakeholders.

3.3Designoftheworkshopusingthegamingresults

Thetradehistoryofthegamingnotedthat:1)theproportionofitemsboughtinsidethetownincreasedafterCCintroduction(Figure3);and2)therateofvolunteeringincreasedafterCCintroduction(Figure4).6 Fromthepre‐andpost‐gamequestionnaires,3)participants’attitudestowardsthediversityofmoneywerepositivelyaffected;and4)participantsbegintorecognizethemeaningofaCCnetwork(Table1).7

6 Fordetails,seeYoshidaandKobayashi(2014a),(2014b).

7 Fordetails,seeKobayashiet.al.(2013).

Figure 4 Volunteering rates

Figure 3 Proportion of buying items inside vs. outside the town


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Table 1 Changes in consciousness through the CCG

TheseresultssuggestthatthegamingdoesnotonlyteachparticipantstouseaCCbutalsochangestheirviewsonmoneyandcommunity.8 Indebriefing,participantscancreateacommonunderstandingamongmanydifferentstakeholderswiththeseresults.

Fromtheseresults,weunderstandthatalthoughwithinthevirtual‐spaceofgaming,therechangestobehaviorandconsciousnessoccurthattoacertainextentreflectcustomsinreality.GaminggivestheparticipantstheexperienceofusingaCCbypresentingtheresultsofthequestionnaireandmacrodata,suchastheirtransactionhistories.The

8 Infact,wefoundapositivefeedbackrelationshipbetweenusingaCCbyvolunteeringandcommunity‐orientedvalues.SeeSection4.


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circulationvolumesofthelegalcurrencyandtheCCarealwaysestablishedforadebriefingtoenableeachpartici‐panttoreflectonwhytheseoutcomesoccurred.Thismakes it possible tonotonlydeepen theparticipants’understandingoftheCC,butalsoforthemtodiscussCCdesignassumingamorerealisticimageofthelocalcommunity.

Weconductedworkshopsinanumberofloca‐tionstodesignaCCusinggaming.Forexample,inTsubata,9 various typesof stakeholders in‐volvedintheintroductionoftheCC(includingresearchers and members of the town hall,chamberofcommerceandindustry,andthesocialwelfarecouncil)participated,andwhilereferringtothegameasawholeandtheresultsofthequestionnaire,theydiscussedtheeffectofCCintroductionandwhatwasnecessarytocirculateit.

TheparticipantsexpressedpositiveopinionsontheCC,“usingaCCallowsustobecomemoreawareofthecommu‐nity,”andthat“membersofthecommunitycaninteractwitheachother.Itdevelopscompassion.Itleadstoem‐ployment.”However,theyalsoexpressedsomenegativeopinions,suchas“IdonotthinkthattendercurrencywillbeconvertedintoaCCandusedforpurchasesinthecommunityuntilafeeiscollected”and“IfeelthatitisgoodthatthecommunitywillberevitalizedbytheCC,butIalsofeelthatitsusabilityismadeworsebytherestrictionsandrules.”ThediscussionafterthegameconfirmedthattheCCistobepositionedasamethodtorebuildthelocalcommunitynetworkofmutualhelp,cooperation,andaidbyusingthefamiliarshoppingstamps,andthatitwillbeimportanttocollaboratewiththirdpartiessuchasthechamberofcommerceandindustry,townhall,andthesocialwelfarecounciltoconstructthecirculationsystem.ThroughthevirtualuseofaCCingaming,itwaspossibletoshareknowledgeonhowwe,andothersaroundus,perceiveCCsandourresultingbehaviors,anddiscussafunda‐mentalaspectoftheCC:howtodesignit.

However,thesameresultsmightnotappearforallcommunitiesintherealworld.ThenumberoftransactionsinthegamewasfiniteandtheparametersweresetassumingthattheCCwillcirculatetoacertainextent.Therefore,itisnecessarytodiscussandinvestigatethesustainabilityoftheCC’scirculationaftercomparingthegamesituationtotheactualsituationinthecommunity.

4. ComputersimulationforsettingtheCCscheme

4.1Thecomputersimulationmodel

WeconstructedacomputersimulationmodelbasedonCCGtoidentifythefactorsthatpromotethecirculationofCC(Kobayashietal.2012).Inthismodel,eachresidentagentinthetownprobabilisticallyselectsapurchasingshopfromthreeareas:insidethetown,outsidethetown(near),andoutsidethetown(far) (seeFigure5).Theirselec‐tionsareaccordingtothefollowingfivefactors(probabilities):habitualuseofCC,habitualuseoflegaltender,com‐munity‐orientedvalue,evaluationofshops,andthebalanceofCC.Theprobabilitiesofthesefactorsforeachagentcanchangedependingontheagent’spurchasingbehavior.

Eachshophasthreeelements:distance,price, andconvenience.Inthismodel,wesettheseelementsasfollows:

9 Weareinvestigatingtheuseofshoppingstampsissuedbythechamberofcommerceandindustryavailableasrewardsforvolunteers.Thebackgroundtothisinvestigation

arethetownproblems,suchasthedeclineofitscommercialdistrictandincreaseinthenumberofelderlywhorequireshoppingassistance.Theideaofturningtheshopping

stampsintoaCCwasputforwardasasolutiontotheseproblems.

Figure 5 Area Model


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Distance:inside<outside(near)<outside(far)

Price:inside=outside(near)=outside(far)

Convenience:inside>outside(near)=outside(far)

Undersimulationconditions,wecontrolledthreeparameters:premiumrateoftheCC,proportionoftheCCinsal‐aries,andtheproprietyofvolunteerswithCC.Weobservedachangeinthepurchaserateoftheareawithintown.First,wefocusedonthepremiumrateoftheCCbecauseahighpremiumratetendstoincreasethevelocityofCCcirculationandenhanceeconomicrevitalization.Second,wefocusedontheproportionoftheCC.TheproportionoftheCCpaidassalariesmaycontrolstagnationofCCinshopsandpromoteitsuse.Finally,wefocusedontheproprietyofvolunteerswithCCbecauseKichijiandNishibe(2012)indicatedthatCCconnectspeopleinadistribu‐tionnetworkandnotonlybythecommercialuse.WeanalyzedthepromotionofCCcirculationwiththecomputersimulationmodelinNagaoka.

4.2Causalloopoftheincreaseinpurchaserate

Inthesimulation,thepurchaserateoftheareawithintownincreasedwiththethreeparameters:premiumrateofCC,proportionoftheCCinsalaries,andtheprobabilityofvolunteerswithCC.However,themechanismforincreas‐ingthepurchaserateoftheareawithintownisdifferent(seeFigure6).

Thepurchaserateoftheareawithintownincreaseswiththepremiumrate.Inthiscase,shopevaluationsinsidetheareaincreased,astheyofferdiscountsaccordingtothepremiumrateoftheCC.Iftheresidentagentpurchasesinsidethetown,theevaluationofshopswithintownincrease.Therefore,thispolicystimulatesthelocaleconomy.However,thecostofCCissueincreasedduetothepremium.Therefore,thispolicyisnotsustainable.

Figure 6 Causal loop of the increase in purchase rate


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Ontheotherhand,policiesinwhichtheresidentagents’salarieswerepaidwithCCandresidentspaidvolunteerswithCCaresustainable.However,thesepoliciesdonotdirectlystimulatepurchasesinsidethetown.ThepurchaserateoftheareawithintowngraduallyincreaseswiththeratiooftheCCinsalaries.PayingsalarieswithCCincreasesthebalanceofCCandshopswithintownaremorelikelytobechosen.Inaddition,theprobabilityofhabitualuseofCCalsoincreases.Moreover,whenresidentspayvolunteerswiththeCC,thepurchaserateofgoodsintheareawithintownincreasescomparedtonotpayingvolunteerswiththeCC.Thechoiceprobabilityaccordingtothecom‐munity‐orientedvaluealsoincreases,asthecommunity‐orientedvaluesofresidentagentsdevelopbyprovidingvolunteers.Moreover,assomeindividualsreceiveCCthroughvolunteerwork, thebalanceofCCalso increases.Consequently,theresidentagentshavemoreopportunitiestochooseshopswithintown.Furthermore,theproba‐bilityofvolunteersincreasesaccordingtohabitualuseofCC,community‐orientedvalues,andthebalanceofCC.

Therefore,computersimulationshaveanadvantageinthattheymakeitpossibletoinvestigatehowresidentagent’sinternalruleswillaffectthecirculationoftheCCthroughthelong‐termtransactionsconductedinthiscurrency,andhowtheinternalruleswillthemselveschange.However,whileitispossibleforresearcherstoevaluateassumedscenariosusingcomputersimulations, the interpretationof thesimulationresultsbytheCCmanagementbody,whichformulatesandimplementspolicies,andbythelocalresidents,willbelimitedduetodifficultiesinunder‐standingthemodelitself.Inaddition,itisnecessarytoconductsufficientanalysisandimplementationtoconstructamodelthatincludesthegamingresults.Thus,itispossiblethatdesigningtheCCwillrequiresubstantialtimeandmoney.

Weconsiderthatgamedesignandimplementationshouldpromoteanunderstandingofthemodelitself.Gotoetal.(2014)developedandconfirmedtheeffectivenessofagamingsystemtoenablethesubjectstounderstandthevalidityofthesimulationmodelanditsresults.ThesimulationmodelthatweimplementfollowsonepartofthestructureofaCCgame;however,byhavingcommonalitytothesimulationandgamingstructure,itmaybepossibletoredesignnotonlythemacropartofthesimulationresults,butalsothepartlinkingthemacrotothemicrosothatitcanbeinferredbytheparticipants.Constructingamodel(Hishiyama,2014)thatfollowsamulti‐agentgamingframeworkthatcan instantaneouslysimulatethechangestotheconsciousnessandbehaviorsof localresidentsfromthegamingresults,itispossibletoshiftfromgamingtosimulationandacceleratetheanalysis.

5. SimulationandgamingasatoolforintroducingCC

AttheCCintroductionstage,theexperienceoflocalstakeholdersasparticipantsingamingcanbeusedtonotonlyobtainfindingsonCCmechanism,butalso—bycomparingthecirculationconditionsinthegamewiththoseinthecommunity—tofacilitateadiscussiononmattersthatarenecessarytodesigntheCC.Inaddition,theinteractionbetweentheparticipantsinthegameincreasesthepossibilitiesofobtaininggameresultsthatreflectthecustomsandinstitutionsoftheparticipants’communities.Researcherswhoconductgamingobserveandanalyzepartici‐pants’behaviorhistoriesandchangesinconsciousnessasquantitativedataandpresentthisdatatotheparticipants,whichmightenablestakeholderstolearnaboutCCdesignsthatreflectthesocialandculturalbackgroundoftheircommunity.

SimulationisanexcellentmethodofpresentingspecificscenariosforCCdesignbasedondiscussioninthegaming.Inaddition,utilizingtheparticipants’behaviorhistoriesandchangesinconsciousnessasdatatoconstructanagentmodelinthesimulationcontributestoincreasingthevalidityofthesimulationitself.Moreover,apartfromsimula‐tionmodeling,theycanbeusedtodesignthestructureoftheCCgameusingsimulation.WehavealreadyusedthesimulationtoadjustthebalanceoftheCCgame.Byusingthesimulationtoadjustthegameparameters(price,in‐come,etc.)inadvance,itbecomespossibletocreateagamethatreflectsthecirculationandtheincomestructureintheparticipants’actualcommunity.Thisnotonlygivestheparticipantsafeelingofrealitythroughthegame,butcanalsomakethegamingresultsmorecloselyresembletheactualsituationofCCintroduction.Thismethodcanbeusedtonotonlybringthegameclosertothecommunitysituation,butalsotocreateawarenessamongparticipants.

Asshowninthediscussion,withinthecooperativerelationshipbetweencommunityresidentsandresearchers,amethodutilizingbothgamingandsimulationcanbeeffectiveindesigningaCCintheintroductionstage,whichup

untilnowhasbeencarriedoutonanad‐hocbasis．


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However,thereareanumberofissueswiththismethod.Firstistheissueofvalidatingtheresultsofthegamingandsimulation.Particularlyingaming,theresultswilldifferdependingonthecharacteristicsoftheparticipantsandtheirfacilitation.Itisnecessarytodealcarefullywiththeinteractionscreatedbygaming,whichhaveahighdegreeoffreedom,andthescenarioscreatedbythesimulationresults.Onemethodtoaddressthisissueistocon‐ductadebriefingemphasizingthevariousinteractionsthatoccurredinthegamingprocess,ratherthanonthegam‐ingresults,andthenvalidatethescenariobydroppingthescenarioobtainedfromthesimulationevenfurtherintothegaming,andhavingthelocalresidentsplayagain.Therobustnessofthescenarioscanbeimprovedbyconduct‐ingadoublecheckthroughthesimulationandgaming.

Secondistheissueofwhetheracooperativesystembetweenthelocalresidentsandtheresearchersonthemethodofmanagement,thatis,theintegrationofthegamingandsimulation,canbebuilt.WhengamingandsimulationareusedtodesignaCC,itisvitaltohaveacooperationsysteminplacebetweentheresearcherswhoinitiatethemandthebodythatismanagingtheCC.However,whenintroducingtheCCthereisnotonlytheissueoftheschemeintermsofthecirculationpathwaysinthegamingandsimulation,butinmanycasestherearevariousotherissuesrelatingtothepeopleinvolved.Itwillbenecessarytosufficientlyinvestigatehowandtowhatextentresearchersaretobeinvolvedinbuildingthiscooperationsystem.


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