Increasing your chance of success:
Instructor: Kathryn Brooks, Associate [email protected]
Phone: 951-222-8212
Office: MTSC, 3rd floor, 325
OFFICE HOURS: Mon 10am-12pm, Tues 10:30am - 1:00pm
Wed 12 – 12:30pm Required Texts:
E.N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th or 9th edition
R.Loomis et.al., Anatomy and Physiology 2B Laboratory Packet Lab Manual to be obtained from instructor via USB drive
GRADING
TENTATIVE POINTS exact points may change
Lecture Grade: Lecture Exams (4 x 70pts) 195
Cumulative Final (approx. pts) 145
Quizzes 40
Assignments 50
Total Lecture Points (approx. 60%) 500pts
Lab Grade : Lab Exams (4, 50pts) 200
Lab Quizzes (8pts each) 80
Lab Assignments 40
Total Lab Points 340pts
TOTAL CLASS POINTS = 840pts
LECTURES & STUDY TIME: Note-taking is critical to success in this class.
Must spend 3 hours study per week for every one hour of class. Minimum of 24 hours studying per week.
TEXT READING ASSIGNMENTS
LECTURE & LAB QUIZZES: Fill in the blank 1-2 given every week No Quiz Make-ups
LECTURE TESTS: mostly Multiple-Choice questions. one essay question
LAB TESTS: fill-in–the-blanks
LATE ASSIGNMENTS: ASSIGNMENTS DUE AT BEGINNING OF CLASS. 50% OFF per Class Day Late
MAKE-UP LECTURE & LAB TESTS: need documented-emergency reason.
Lecture Tests = ESSAY TESTS.
Lab Tests = ORAL
Given on first day student returns to class
CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM
ATTENDANCE
TARDINESS
UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIORS DURING CLASS TIME
Course Objectives– See Syllabus
Increasing Your Chance of
1. Read Text before Lectures
2. Fix Notes Soon After The Lecture
3. Use All Lab Time For Studying Lab Material
4. Don’t Get Behind - Study New Material Each Week
- Quiz yourself on New Material and restudy
5. Visit Instructor during Office Hours
Chapter Outline
I Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System
A. Overall Function 1, 2, 3 …
a, b, c …
i), ii), iii) …
B. Basic Processes Used
C. Classification of Nervous System
II Histology of Nervous System
III Membrane Potentials
IV Graded Potentials
V Action Potentials
VI The Synapse
VII Neurotransmitters and their Receptors
VII The Basics of Neural Integration
I. Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System
Figure 7.1
A. Overall Function
B. Basic Processes Used• Afferent• INTEGRATION• Efferent
C. Classification of Nervous System1. CNS =
Parts
Functions:
2. PNS = Parts
Functions
2. PNS Functional Subdivisions: Afferent & Efferent
Figure 7.2
a. Sensory b. Motor
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a. Afferent
Components• Sensory Receptors• Sense Organs
PNS Efferent/motor Functionally Subdivided into:
b. Motor division Functional Subdivisiions
i) Somatic nervous system = ____________
ii) Autonomic nervous system = ___________
Parasympathetic =
Peace
Sympathetic =
Stress
II. Histology of Nervous Tissue A. Neuroglia (Glial cells)– 6 types
1. Astrocytes –
2. Microglial
CNS
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II-A
4. Oligodendrocyte –
3. Ependymal –
PNS
5. Satellite cells--
6. Schwann cells--
Neuroglia …
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Nuerons
B. Neurons = _______________________
1. Neuron anatomy
a. Cell body Function Nissl Body Nuclei & Ganglion
b. Neuron Processes:
i) Dendrites:
ii) Axons:
Functon
Axolemma
Axon Hillock
Nissl Body
B-ii
Axon Collaterals =
Terminal Branches (telodendria): _____________
Axon terminals: Synaptic Vessicles Nuerotranmitters
Terminal Branch
II-B
c. Myelin sheath: (Schwann cells in PNS; oligodendrocytes in CNS)
Which Axons Function: Process: Neurilemma: Nodes of Ranvier:
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nerve fiber myelination by Schwann cells in PNS.
Myelinsheath
Schwanncellcytoplasm
Neurilemma
(b) Cross-sectional view of a myelinated axon(electron micrograph 24,000X)
Axon
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
II-B …
d. Synapse/Synaptic Cleft
Figure 7.8a
Neurons …
C. Classification of Neurons1. Structural Classification of Neurons
a. Multipolar neurons: ______ extensions
Abundance
Type
Structural Classification of Neurons …
b. Bipolar neurons: ______________
Figure 7.8b
Structural Classification of Neurons …
c. Unipolar neurons: _______________
Figure 7.8c
III. Membrane Potentials
Function:
III. Membrane Potentials …
A. Basic Principles
1. Electricity
a. Opposite charges
b. Separated charges
c. Voltage (V) =
d. Flow of charge
2. Role of Transmembrane Proteins-REVIEW
a. Carrier Proteins
b. Channels
c. Pumps
Basic Principles of Electricity …Role of Transmembrane Proteins-REVIEW …
b. CHANNELS: Allow _____________ Two main types:
i) Leakage (ungated) channels: _____________
ii) Gated channels (3 types): Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels: _________ Voltage-gated channels: ____________ Mechanically gated channels: __________
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c. Pumps i) Characteristics
ii) Example: Na+/K+ Pump
B. Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)
1. Differences in Ionic Compositiona. POLARIZED:
b. INSIDE: K+ most ***
Negative Proteins & Amino Acids
c. OUTSIDE:
Na+
2. Electrical Gradient
3. Chemical Gradient
K+
Na+
A-
III-B
4. Maintenance
Differences in Plasma Membrane Permeability
Na+/K+ ATPase PUMP
K+
(5 mM )
K+
(140 mM )
Outside cell
Inside cell
Na+
(140 mM )
Na+
(15 mM )
K+
Na+
A-
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)
III …C. Membrane Potentials That Act as Signals
1. Signal sent when:
2. Involves gated channels
=
GP
GP
GP
GP
AP
3. Two types of signalsa. Graded potentials b. Action potentials (APs)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nerve Impulses– within and between neurons
GP
GP
AP
AP
GP
D. Terms for Graded and Action Potentials
1. Depolarization =
Action versus Graded Potentials
2. Repolarization =
3. Hyperpolarization =
Action versus Graded Potentials
IV Graded PotentialsA. Overview
localized
Dendrites & cell body
Chemically Gated Channels (or Mechanical)
stimulus strength determines
Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations Naming according to type :
Depolarized regionStimulus
Plasmamembrane
Graded Potentials …
B. Mechanism (for depolarization)
1. gated-channels
2. ions
3. oppositely charged adjacent areas
4. Voltage
5. Leaky Plasma Membrane
Depolarization
Graded Potentials …
C. Affect on generation of AP1. Depolarization = _________________ (toward
zero)
a. Chance of AP
b. Ion of Channel:
c. EPSPDepolarizing stimulus
Graded Potentials …
2. Hyperpolarization =
a. chance of AP
b. Ion of Gated Channel
i) K+
ii) Cl
c. IPSP
Hyper-polarization
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GP GP
GP
AP
Axon Hillock
Graded Potentials– details continued at slide 85 under “Synapse”
Postsynaptic Potentials
GP
V. Action Potentials (AP) *** NEXT PPT
A. Basic Conepts
1. Potential Change
2. Initiated by:
2. Threshold
3. All-or-None
4. Start Location
5. Type of Gated Channel
6. Ends
7. Next step after AP
8. Unmyelinated and Myelinated SEE NEXT FIGURE
Review Questions
The PNS is further divided into _________ (or afferent) nerves and motor (or ________) nerves. The ________ sheath surrounds the _______ of some neurons and is formed by _________________ in the CNS.
sensory
efferentmyelin axons
oligodendrocytes
Review Questions
_______________ diminishes the magnitude of the membrane potential and increases the chance of an AP while ______________ does the opposite.
What 2 types of leakage channels are always open in a neuron’s membrane?
Which one above is leakier and is most responsible for resting potential?
hyperpolarization
Depolarization
K+
Na+ and K+
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