Increasing your chance of success:

Instructor: Kathryn Brooks, Associate Professorkathryn.brooks@rcc.edu

Phone: 951-222-8212

Office: MTSC, 3rd floor, 325

OFFICE HOURS: Mon 10am-12pm, Tues 10:30am - 1:00pm

Wed 12 – 12:30pm Required Texts:

E.N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th or 9th edition

R.Loomis et.al., Anatomy and Physiology 2B Laboratory Packet Lab Manual to be obtained from instructor via USB drive

GRADING

TENTATIVE POINTS exact points may change

Lecture Grade: Lecture Exams (4 x 70pts) 195

Cumulative Final (approx. pts) 145

Quizzes 40

Assignments 50

Total Lecture Points (approx. 60%) 500pts

Lab Grade : Lab Exams (4, 50pts) 200

Lab Quizzes (8pts each) 80

Lab Assignments 40

Total Lab Points 340pts

TOTAL CLASS POINTS = 840pts

 

LECTURES & STUDY TIME: Note-taking is critical to success in this class.

Must spend 3 hours study per week for every one hour of class. Minimum of 24 hours studying per week.

TEXT READING ASSIGNMENTS

LECTURE & LAB QUIZZES: Fill in the blank 1-2 given every week No Quiz Make-ups

LECTURE TESTS: mostly Multiple-Choice questions. one essay question

LAB TESTS: fill-in–the-blanks

LATE ASSIGNMENTS: ASSIGNMENTS DUE AT BEGINNING OF CLASS. 50% OFF per Class Day Late

MAKE-UP LECTURE & LAB TESTS: need documented-emergency reason.

Lecture Tests = ESSAY TESTS.

Lab Tests = ORAL

Given on first day student returns to class

CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM

ATTENDANCE

TARDINESS

UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIORS DURING CLASS TIME

Course Objectives– See Syllabus

Increasing Your Chance of

1. Read Text before Lectures

2. Fix Notes Soon After The Lecture

3. Use All Lab Time For Studying Lab Material

4. Don’t Get Behind - Study New Material Each Week

- Quiz yourself on New Material and restudy

5. Visit Instructor during Office Hours

Chapter Outline

I Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System

A. Overall Function 1, 2, 3 …

a, b, c …

i), ii), iii) …

B. Basic Processes Used

C. Classification of Nervous System

II Histology of Nervous System

III Membrane Potentials

IV Graded Potentials

V Action Potentials

VI The Synapse

VII Neurotransmitters and their Receptors

VII The Basics of Neural Integration

I. Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System

Figure 7.1

A. Overall Function

B. Basic Processes Used• Afferent• INTEGRATION• Efferent

C. Classification of Nervous System1. CNS =

Parts

Functions:

2. PNS = Parts

Functions

2. PNS Functional Subdivisions: Afferent & Efferent

Figure 7.2

a. Sensory b. Motor

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a. Afferent

Components• Sensory Receptors• Sense Organs

PNS Efferent/motor Functionally Subdivided into:

b. Motor division Functional Subdivisiions

i) Somatic nervous system = ____________

ii) Autonomic nervous system = ___________

Parasympathetic =

Peace

Sympathetic =

Stress

II. Histology of Nervous Tissue A. Neuroglia (Glial cells)– 6 types

1. Astrocytes –

2. Microglial

CNS

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II-A

4. Oligodendrocyte –

3. Ependymal –

PNS

5. Satellite cells--

6. Schwann cells--

Neuroglia …

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Nuerons

B. Neurons = _______________________

1. Neuron anatomy

a. Cell body Function Nissl Body Nuclei & Ganglion

b. Neuron Processes:

i) Dendrites:

ii) Axons:

Functon

Axolemma

Axon Hillock

Nissl Body

B-ii

Axon Collaterals =

Terminal Branches (telodendria): _____________

Axon terminals: Synaptic Vessicles Nuerotranmitters

Terminal Branch

II-B

c. Myelin sheath: (Schwann cells in PNS; oligodendrocytes in CNS)

Which Axons Function: Process: Neurilemma: Nodes of Ranvier:

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Nerve fiber myelination by Schwann cells in PNS.

Myelinsheath

Schwanncellcytoplasm

Neurilemma

(b) Cross-sectional view of a myelinated axon(electron micrograph 24,000X)

Axon

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II-B …

d. Synapse/Synaptic Cleft

Figure 7.8a

Neurons …

C. Classification of Neurons1. Structural Classification of Neurons

a. Multipolar neurons: ______ extensions

Abundance

Type

Structural Classification of Neurons …

b. Bipolar neurons: ______________

Figure 7.8b

Structural Classification of Neurons …

c. Unipolar neurons: _______________

Figure 7.8c

III. Membrane Potentials

Function:

III. Membrane Potentials …

A. Basic Principles

1. Electricity

a. Opposite charges

b. Separated charges

c. Voltage (V) =

d. Flow of charge

2. Role of Transmembrane Proteins-REVIEW

a. Carrier Proteins

b. Channels

c. Pumps

Basic Principles of Electricity …Role of Transmembrane Proteins-REVIEW …

b. CHANNELS: Allow _____________ Two main types:

i) Leakage (ungated) channels: _____________

ii) Gated channels (3 types): Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels: _________ Voltage-gated channels: ____________ Mechanically gated channels: __________

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c. Pumps i) Characteristics

ii) Example: Na+/K+ Pump

B. Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)

1. Differences in Ionic Compositiona. POLARIZED:

b. INSIDE: K+ most ***

Negative Proteins & Amino Acids

c. OUTSIDE:

Na+

2. Electrical Gradient

3. Chemical Gradient

K+

Na+

A-

III-B

4. Maintenance

Differences in Plasma Membrane Permeability

Na+/K+ ATPase PUMP

K+

(5 mM )

K+

(140 mM )

Outside cell

Inside cell

Na+

(140 mM )

Na+

(15 mM )

K+

Na+

A-

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Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)

III …C. Membrane Potentials That Act as Signals

1. Signal sent when:

2. Involves gated channels

=

GP

GP

GP

GP

AP

3. Two types of signalsa. Graded potentials b. Action potentials (APs)

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Nerve Impulses– within and between neurons

GP

GP

AP

AP

GP

D. Terms for Graded and Action Potentials

1. Depolarization =

Action versus Graded Potentials

2. Repolarization =

3. Hyperpolarization =

Action versus Graded Potentials

IV Graded PotentialsA. Overview

localized

Dendrites & cell body

Chemically Gated Channels (or Mechanical)

stimulus strength determines

Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations Naming according to type :

Depolarized regionStimulus

Plasmamembrane

Graded Potentials …

B. Mechanism (for depolarization)

1. gated-channels

2. ions

3. oppositely charged adjacent areas

4. Voltage

5. Leaky Plasma Membrane

Depolarization

Graded Potentials …

C. Affect on generation of AP1. Depolarization = _________________ (toward

zero)

a. Chance of AP

b. Ion of Channel:

c. EPSPDepolarizing stimulus

Graded Potentials …

2. Hyperpolarization =

a. chance of AP

b. Ion of Gated Channel

i) K+

ii) Cl

c. IPSP

Hyper-polarization

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GP GP

GP

AP

Axon Hillock

Graded Potentials– details continued at slide 85 under “Synapse”

Postsynaptic Potentials

GP

V. Action Potentials (AP) *** NEXT PPT

A. Basic Conepts

1. Potential Change

2. Initiated by:

2. Threshold

3. All-or-None

4. Start Location

5. Type of Gated Channel

6. Ends

7. Next step after AP

8. Unmyelinated and Myelinated SEE NEXT FIGURE

Review Questions

The PNS is further divided into _________ (or afferent) nerves and motor (or ________) nerves. The ________ sheath surrounds the _______ of some neurons and is formed by _________________ in the CNS.

sensory

efferentmyelin axons

oligodendrocytes

Review Questions

_______________ diminishes the magnitude of the membrane potential and increases the chance of an AP while ______________ does the opposite.

What 2 types of leakage channels are always open in a neuron’s membrane?

Which one above is leakier and is most responsible for resting potential?

hyperpolarization

Depolarization

K+

Na+ and K+